Value of nuclide scintigraphy in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac amyloidosis.

Amyloidosis is a local or systemic disease caused by the deposition of misfolded proteins outside the cell, with rapid progression, and dire prognosis. Common types of cardiac amyloidosis are monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL-CA) and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA). Nuclear medicine examinations can be accurate, rapid, and non-invasive to help diagnose diseases and can effectively predict the prognosis of patients with CA. Technetium (99 Tcm )-labeled bisphosphonate imaging has been included in the consensus of experts and has become the first-line imaging method for the diagnosis of ATTR-CA. 123 I-metaiodoenzylguanidine (MIBG) as a norepinephrine analogue can effectively assess cardiac sympathetic innervation in patients with CA. Aβ- amyloid imaging agents such as 11 C-pittsburgh compound B and 18 F-flubetaben are expected to be new techniques for diagnosing AL-CA and incorporating them into cardiac staging systems for AL-CA patients in the future. New imaging agents such as 18 F-NaF has been widely used in the diagnosis, treatment response monitoring, and prognosis assessment of CA. Summarizing the research value of nuclide imaging in CA may provide new ideas for clinical realization of early detection of CA and accurate assessment of disease prognosis.