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Headache is one of the most common conditions presenting to the neurology clinic, yet a significant proportion of these patients are unsatisfied by their clinic experience...

There has been an increase in the incidence of acute pancreatitis reported worldwide. Despite improvements in access to care, imaging and interventional techniques, acute pancreatitis continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality...

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is defined as the occurrence of renal dysfunction in a patient with end-stage liver cirrhosis in the absence of another identifiable cause of renal failure...

Proton pump inhibitors are among the most commonly prescribed classes of drugs, and their use is increasing, in particular for long-term treatment, often being over-prescribed and used for inappropriate conditions...

Cardiogenic shock is a complex syndrome defined by systemic hypoperfusion and inadequate cardiac output arising from a wide array of underlying causes...

Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute self-limited febrile illness that primarily affects children <5 years old, is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in developed countries, with the potential of leading to coronary artery dilation and coronary artery aneurysms in 25% of untreated patients...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have a reliable hypoglycaemic and weight-loss effect that can intervene in obesity, which is the basis of type 2 diabetes pathology...

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating chronic pain condition that, although exceedingly rare, carries a significant burden for the affected patient population...

A great proportion of neuromuscular diseases are immune-mediated, included myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, acute- and chronic-onset autoimmune neuropathies (anti-MAG neuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, Guillain-Barré syndromes, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, CANDA and autoimmune nodopathies), autoimmune neuronopathies, peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and is associated with serious short- and long-term complications. Early diagnosis and identification of the underlying aetiology are essential to guide management...

BACKGROUND: Both dopamine and norepinephrine are recommended as first-line vasopressor agents in the treatment of shock...

PURPOSE: There is significant variability in the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation...

Mineral abnormalities are a common complication of heart failure (HF). In particular, dyskalaemia, hyponatraemia, and hypomagnesaemia are prevalent, with hypo- and hyperkalaemia observed in over 40 % of HF patients, hyponatraemia in 18-27 %, hypomagnesaemia in 7-52 %, and phosphate imbalance in 13 %...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are diabetic emergencies that cause high morbidity and mortality...

Lactate is one of the most crucial intermediates in carbohydrate and nonessential amino acid metabolism. The complexity of cellular interactions and metabolism means that lactate can be considered a waste product for one cell but a useful substrate for another...

BACKGROUND: Disorders of consciousness (DoC) are frequently encountered in both, acute and chronic brain injuries...

In patients with septic shock, the administration of fluids during initial hemodynamic resuscitation remains a major therapeutic challenge...

Heart failure is defined as increased intracardiac pressures, either alone or combined with reduced cardiac output. Clinically, it is presented with signs and symptoms of congestion and compensated perfusion...