Review of phase 2/3 trials in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis.

INTRODUCTION: GCA (giant cell arteritis) and PMR (polymyalgia rheumatica) are two overlapping inflammatory rheumatic conditions that are seen exclusively in older adults, sharing some common features. GCA is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the medium and large arteries, with both cranial and extracranial symptoms. PMR is a clinical syndrome characterized by stiffness in the neck, shoulder, and pelvic girdle muscles. Both are associated with constitutional symptoms.

AREAS COVERED: In this review, we assess the established and upcoming treatments for GCA and PMR. We review the current treatment landscape, completed trials, and upcoming trials in these conditions, to identify new and promising therapies.

EXPERT OPINION: Early use of glucocorticoids (GC) remains integral to the immediate management of PMR and GCA but being aware of patient co-morbidities that may influence treatment toxicity is paramount. As such GC sparing agents are required in the treatment of PMR. Currently there are limited treatment options available for PMR and GCA, and significant unmet needs remain. Newer mechanisms of action, and hence therapeutic options being studied include CD4 T cell co-stimulation blockade, IL-17 inhibition, IL-12/23 inhibition, GM-CSF inhibition, IL-1β inhibition, TNF-α antagonist and Jak inhibition, among others, which will be discussed in this review.