Genome-Wide Analysis and Identification of UDP Glycosyltransferases Responsive to Chinese Wheat Mosaic Virus Resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana .

Glycosylation, a dynamic modification prevalent in viruses and higher eukaryotes, is principally regulated by uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in plants. Although UGTs are involved in plant defense responses, their responses to most pathogens, especially plant viruses, remain unclear. Here, we aimed to identify UGTs in the whole genome of Nicotiana benthamiana ( N. benthamiana ) and to analyze their function in Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection. A total of 147 NbUGTs were identified in N. benthamiana . To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, the UGT protein sequences of N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana were aligned. The gene structure and conserved motifs of the UGTs were also analyzed. Additionally, the physicochemical properties and predictable subcellular localization were examined in detail. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the putative promoter revealed that NbUGTs were involved in temperature, defense, and hormone responses. The expression levels of 20 NbUGTs containing defense-related cis-acting elements were assessed in CWMV-infected N. benthamiana , revealing a significant upregulation of 8 NbUGTs . Subcellular localization analysis of three NbUGTs (NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17) revealed their predominant localization in the cytoplasm of N. benthamiana leaves, and NbUGT12 was also distributed in the chloroplasts. CWMV infection did not alter the subcellular localization of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17. Transient overexpression of NbUGT12 , NbUGT16 , and NbUGT17 enhanced CWMV infection, whereas the knockdown of NbUGT12 , NbUGT16 and NbUGT17 inhibited CWMV infection in N. benthamiana . These NbUGTs could serve as potential susceptibility genes to facilitate CWMV infection. Overall, the findings throw light on the evolution and function of NbUGTs .