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Phenylmethylsiloxanes in indoor dust from residential area of China: Source, occurrence, bioavailability and exposure assessment.
Science of the Total Environment 2024 March 6
Phenylmethylsiloxanes, as modified products of dimethylsiloxanes, have been used in personal care products (PCPs) and household appliances, with indoor dust serving as one potential reservoir due to their particle-binding properties. This study measured six isomers of two phenylmethylsiloxanes (P3 and P4) in PCPs (<LOD-381 μg/g, df = 38-43 %, n = 58), indoor dust (<LOD-158 ng/g, df = 33-65 %, n = 103), and outdoor soil samples (<LOD-3.2 ng/g, df = 0-25 %, n = 20) from Chinese Cities. Overall, mean dust concentrations of ∑(P3 + P4) were highest in barbershops (176 ng/g), followed by bathrooms (49.5 ng/g), living rooms (13.3 ng/g), and bedrooms (5.4 ng/g) of residences. Dust phenylmethylsiloxanes had positive correlations with the number of PCPs in bathrooms (R = 0.95 for ∑P3, 0.82 for ∑P4) and electronic appliances (R = 0.86 for ∑P3, 0.84 for ∑P4) in living rooms, suggesting their important contribution to phenylmethylsiloxane emission. The mean concentration ratio of ∑(P3 + P4) to their major degradation product, i.e., PhMeSi(OH)2 , in dust was 2.4 times higher than that in soil, indicating stronger persistence of phenylmethylsiloxanes in indoor environment. Simulated experiments indicated bioavailabilities (1.1-8.2 %) of phenylmethylsiloxanes during dust ingestion lower than that (20.4 %) of their degradation product. Dermal absorption of PCPs dominated (>99 %) intakes of phenylmethylsiloxanes for adults, while dust ingestion/adsorption (0.19 ng/d) may play important roles for toddlers/infants with little usage of phenylmethylsiloxanes-containing PCPs. Additionally, total daily intakes of PhMeSi(OH)2 (0.30-0.84 ng/d) via ingestion and dermal absorption of dust were higher than P3 (0.06-0.31 ng/d) and P4 (0.02-0.09 ng/d), suggesting exposure risk of degradation product of phenylmethylsiloxanes deserving attention.
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