Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

BACKGROUND: Oral vaccines have lower efficacy in developing compared to developed countries. Poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) may contribute to reduced oral vaccine immunogenicity. METHODS: We conducted a cluster-randomized 2x2 factorial trial in rural Zimbabwe (NCT01824940). Pregnant women and their infants were eligible if they lived in clusters randomized to: 1) Standard-of-care (52 clusters); 2) Improved infant feeding (53 clusters); 3) WASH: ventilated improved pit latrine, two hand-washing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, infant play space, hygiene counseling (53 clusters); or 4) Feeding+WASH (53 clusters)...

BACKGROUND: The development of vaccines and therapeutics have relied on healthy volunteer influenza challenge studies. A validated human infection model with wild-type A(H1N1)pdm09 was reported previously. OBJECTIVE: To characterize a wild-type Influenza A/Bethesda/MM1/H3N2 challenge virus in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Participants received a single dose of a cell-based, reverse-genetics, GMP-produced wild-type influenza A/H3N2/2011 virus intranasally and were isolated at the NIH Clinical Center for > 9 days...

INTRODUCTION: The impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction on the occurrence of first and subsequent otitis media (OM) episodes in early childhood is unclear. We compared the risk of OM episodes among children age <2 years before and after PCV13 introduction accounting for the dependence between OM episodes. METHODS: We identified consecutive annual (July-June) cohorts of Tennessee Medicaid-enrolled children (2006-2014) from birth through age two years...

BACKGROUND: Screening methods for anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) are suboptimal. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of a composite endpoint comprising anal liquid-based cytology (aLBC) and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) testing to predict histological high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). METHODS: From a cohort of HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) seen at a Spanish University hospital, all individuals who had an aLBC with concomitant HR-HPV testing were included...

BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV) is a non-segmented, 4.5-5.5 kbp, double-stranded RNA virus infecting T. vaginalis. The objectives of this study were to examine TVV prevalence in U.S. Trichomonas vaginalis isolates and associations with patient demographics, clinical outcomes, and metronidazole resistance. METHODS: Archived T. vaginalis isolates from the enrollment visit of 355 women participating in a T. vaginalis treatment trial in Birmingham, AL were thawed and grown in culture...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Background: Fluoroquinolones increase the risk of Clostridioides difficile infection and antibiotic resistance. Hospitals often use pre-prescription approval or prospective audit and feedback to target fluoroquinolone prescribing. Whether these strategies impact aggregate fluoroquinolone use is unknown. Methods: This study is a 48-hospital, retrospective cohort of general-care, medical patients hospitalized with pneumonia or positive urine culture between December 2015-September 2017...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) jeopardizes global TB control. The prevalence and predictors of Rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB, a proxy for MDR-TB, and the treatment outcomes with standard and shortened regimens have not been assessed in post-conflict regions, such as the South Kivu province in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We aimed to fill this knowledge gap and to inform the DRC National TB Program. Methods: of adults and children evaluated for pulmonary TB by sputum smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) from February 2012 to June 2017...

Background: Following the conclusion of a Rotarix vaccine (HRV) cluster-randomized controlled trial (CRT) in Matlab, Bangladesh, HRV was included in Matlab's routine immunization program. We describe the population-level impact of programmatic rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh in children <2 years of age. Methods: Interrupted time series were used to estimate the impact of HRVintroduction. Diarrheal surveillance collected between 2000 and 2014 within the two service delivery areas (icddr,b service area [ISA] and government service area [GSA]) of the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System administered by icddr,b was used...

Globally, noroviruses are among the foremost causes of acute diarrheal disease, yet there are many unanswered questions on norovirus immunity, particularly following natural infection in young children during the first 2 years of life when the disease burden is highest. We conducted a literature review on birth cohort studies assessing norovirus infections in children from birth to early childhood. Data on infection, immunity, and risk factors are summarized from 10 community-based birth cohort studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Background: Interactions between the endothelium and infected erythrocytes, microvascular dysfunction and parasite sequestration play major roles in the pathogenesis of severe falciparum malaria. The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich layer lining the endothelium mediating NO production and vascular homeostasis. The role of the glycocalyx in falciparum malaria and the association with disease severity is not known. Methods: We prospectively enrolled Indonesian inpatients (≥18 years old) with severe (SM) or moderately-severe (MSM) falciparum malaria and healthy controls (HCs)...

Gametocyte density and sex-ratio can predict the proportion of mosquitoes that become infected after feeding on blood of patients receiving non-gametocytocidal drugs. Because primaquine and methylene blue sterilize gametocytes before affecting their density and sex-ratio, mosquito feeding experiments are required to demonstrate their early transmission-blocking effects.

Concerns about vaccine safety can lead to decreased acceptance of vaccines and resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases. We summarize the key evidence on some of the main current vaccine safety controversies in the United States, including: 1) MMR vaccine and autism; 2) thimerosal, a mercury-based vaccine preservative, and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders; 3) vaccine-induced Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS); 4) vaccine-induced autoimmune diseases; 5) safety of HPV vaccine; 6) aluminum adjuvant-induced autoimmune diseases and other disorders; and 7) too many vaccines given early in life predisposing children to health and developmental problems...