Discovery of a Novel Integrative Conjugative Element ICE Apl Chn2 Related to SXT/R391 in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae .

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize ICE Apl Chn2, a novel SXT/R391-related integration and conjugation element (ICE) carrying 19 drug resistance genes, in a clinical isolate of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from swine. Methods: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of A. pleuropneumoniae CP063424 strain was completed using a combination of third-generation PacBio and second-generation Illumina. The putative ICE was predicted by the online tool ICEfinder. ICE Apl Chn2 was analyzed by PCR, conjugation experiments, and bioinformatics tools. Results: A. pleuropneumoniae CP063424 strain exhibited high minimum inhibitory concentrations of clindamycin (1,024 mg/L). The WGS data revealed that ICE Apl Chn2, with a length of 167,870 bp and encoding 151 genes, including multiple antibiotic resistance genes such as erm(42), VanE, LpxC, dfrA1, golS, aadA3, EreA, dfrA32, tetR(C), tet(C), sul2, aph(3)″-lb, aph(6)-l, floR, dfrA, ANT(3″)-IIa, catB11, and VanRE , was found to be related to the SXT/R391 family on the chromosome of A. pleuronipneumoniae CP063424. The circular intermediate of ICE Apl Chn2 was detected by PCR, but conjugation experiments showed that it was not self-transmissible. Conclusions: To our knowledge, ICE Apl Chn2 is the longest member with the most resistance genes in the SXT/R391 family. Meanwhile, ATP-binding cassette superfamily was found to be inserted in the ICE Apl Chn2 and possessed a new insertion region, which is the first description in the SXT/R391 family.