American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

RATIONALE: Previous cross-sectional studies demonstrated that chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to detect early lung disease in infants and preschool children with cystic fibrosis (CF) without radiation exposure. However, the ability of MRI to detect progression of lung disease and the impact of early diagnosis in preschool children with CF remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential of MRI to detect progression of early lung disease and impact of early diagnosis by CF newborn screening (NBS) in preschool children with CF...

RATIONALE: Althoughl clinical trials have found that pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) can reduce the risk of readmissions following hospitalization for a COPD exacerbation, less is known about PR's impact in routine clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between initiation of PR within 90 days of discharge and rehospitalization(s). METHODS: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of Medicare beneficiaries (≥ 66 years) hospitalized for COPD in 2014 who survived at least 30 days following discharge...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

RATIONALE: Airway macrophages (AMs) are key regulators of the lung environment and are implicated in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a fatal respiratory disease with no cure. However, knowledge of epigenetics of AMs in IPF are limited. METHODS: We undertook DNA methylation profiling using Illumina EPIC (850k) arrays in sorted AMs from Healthy (n=14) and IPF (n=30) donors. Cell-type deconvolution was performed using reference myeloid-cell DNA methylomes...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

RATIONALE: Animal studies of cardiac arrest suggest shorter epinephrine dosing intervals than currently recommended (every 3-5 minutes) may be beneficial in select circumstances. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between epinephrine dosing intervals and pediatric cardiac arrest outcomes. METHODS: Single-center retrospective cohort study of children (<18 years of age) who received ≥1 minute of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and ≥2 doses of epinephrine for an index in-hospital cardiac arrest...

RATIONALE: Suboptimal vaccine immunogenicity and antigenic mismatch, compounded by poor uptake, means that influenza remains a major global disease. T-cells recognising peptides derived from conserved viral proteins could enhance vaccine-induced cross-strain protection. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the kinetics, phenotypes and function of influenza virus-specific CD8+ resident-memory T-cells (Trm) in the lower airway and infer the molecular pathways associated with their response to infection in vivo...

RATIONALE: Prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) is often associated either with a decrease (known atrophy) or an increase (supposed injury) in diaphragmatic thickness. Shear wave elastography is a non-invasive technique that measures shear modulus, a surrogate of tissue stiffness and mechanical properties. OBJECTIVES: To describe changes in shear modulus (SM) during the ICU stay and the relationship with alterations in muscle thickness. To perform a comprehensive ultrasound-based characterization of histological and force production changes occurring in the diaphragm...

Rationale: Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to lung cancer, but the degree to which air pollution modifies the impact of genetic susceptibility on lung cancer remains unknown. Objectives: To investigate whether air pollution and genetic factors jointly contribute to incident lung cancer. Methods: We analyzed data from 455,974 participants (53% women) without previous cancer at baseline in the UK Biobank. The concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 , PMcoarse and PM10 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), and nitrogen oxides (NOx ) were estimated by land-use regression models, and the association between air pollutants and incident lung cancer was investigated using a Cox proportional hazard model...

RATIONALE: Unilateral ligation of the pulmonary artery may induce lung injury through multiple mechanisms, which might be dampened by inhaled CO2. OBJECTIVES: To characterize bilateral lung injury due to unilateral ligation of pulmonary artery in healthy swine undergoing controlled mechanical ventilation and its prevention by 5% CO2 inhalation. To investigate relevant pathophysiological mechanisms. METHODS: Sixteen healthy pigs were allocated to surgical ligation of the left pulmonary artery (Ligation group), 7 to surgical ligation of the left pulmonary artery and inhalation of 5% CO2 (Ligation + FiCO2 5%), and 6 to no intervention (No Ligation)...

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

RATIONALE: Natural history of Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry (PRISm), often defined as FEV1/FVC≥lower limit of normal and FEV1<80% of predicted value, is not well-described. OBJECTIVE: To investigate natural history and long-term prognosis of PRISm trajectories: persistent PRISm trajectory (individuals with PRISm both as young and as middle-aged); normal-to-PRISm trajectory (individuals developing PRISm from normal spirometry in young adulthood); and PRISm-to-normal trajectory (individuals recovering from PRISm in young adulthood by normalizing spirometry while middle-aged)...