American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

RATIONALE: Pretomanid is a new nitroimidazole with proven treatment-shortening efficacy in drug-resistant tuberculosis. Pretomanid-rifamycin-pyrazinamide combinations are potent in mice but have not been tested clinically. Rifampicin, but not rifabutin, reduces pretomanid exposures. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the safety and efficacy of pretomanid-rifamycin-pyrazinamide containing regimens among participants with drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: Phase 2 twelve-week open-label randomized trial of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, plus (a) pretomanid and rifampicin (Arm 1); (b) pretomanid and rifabutin (Arm 2) or (c) rifampicin and ethambutol (standard of care, Arm 3)...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

RATIONALE: Despite etiologic and severity heterogeneity in neutropenic sepsis, management is often uniform. Understanding host response clinical subphenotypes might inform treatment strategies for neutropenic sepsis. OBJECTIVES: This retrospective two-hospital study analyzed whether temperature trajectory modeling could identify distinct, clinically relevant subphenotypes among neutropenic oncology patients with suspected infection. METHODS: Among adult oncologic admissions with neutropenia and blood cultures within 24 hours, a previously validated model classified patients' initial 72-hour temperature trajectories into one of four subphenotypes...

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RATIONALE: Bedside biomarkers that allow early identification of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension (BPD-PH) are critically important given the higher risk of death in these infants. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that infants with BPD-PH have patterns of intermittent hypoxemia that differ from infants with BPD without pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: We conducted a matched case-control study of extremely preterm infants 22w 0d to 28w 6d born between 2018 and 2020 at the University of Alabama at Birmingham...

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RATIONALE: Recent evidence highlights the importance of optimal lung development during childhood for health throughout life. OBJECTIVES: To explore the plasticity of individual lung function states during childhood. METHODS: Pre-bronchodilator FEV1 z-scores determined at age 8, 16 and 24 years in the Swedish population-based birth cohort BAMSE (N=3,069) were used. An unbiased, data-driven dependent mixture model was applied to explore lung function states and individual state chains...

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RATIONALE: Ventilatory defects in asthma are heterogeneous and may represent the distribution of airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodelling. OBJECTIVES: To determine the distribution of ASM remodelling in mild-severe asthma. METHODS: The ASM area was measured in 9 airway levels in 3 bronchial pathways in cases of nonfatal (n=30) and fatal asthma (n=20) and compared with controls without asthma (n=30). Correlations of ASM area within and between bronchial pathways were calculated...

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RATIONALE: The use of self-reported race/ethnicity to interpret lung function measurements has historically assumed that the observed differences in lung function between racial and ethnic group were due to thoracic cavity size differences relative to standing height. Very few studies have considered the influence of environmental and social determinants on pulmonary function. Consequently, the use of race and ethnicity specific reference equations may further marginalize disadvantaged populations...