American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Rationale The macrolide antibiotic, azithromycin, reduces exacerbations in adults with persistent symptomatic asthma. However, owing to the pleotropic properties of macrolides, unintended bacteriological consequences such as augmented pathogen colonization or dissemination of antibiotic-resistant organisms can occur, calling into question the long-term safety of azithromycin maintenance therapy. Objectives To assess the effects of azithromycin on the airway microbiota, pathogen abundance, and carriage of antibiotic-resistance genes...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with adverse physiologic and biochemical sequelae including systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, increased chemoreceptor reflex activity, sympathetic nervous system activation, and endothelial dysfunction. In addition, compelling data strongly implicate OSA in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including myocardial infarction and stroke. Yet in clinical trials, CPAP therapy alone did not reduce cardiovascular events in intention to treat analyses...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

RATIONALE: Short-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with asthma exacerbation and increased health-care use due to asthma, but its effect on asthma mortality remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: To quantitatively assess the association between short-term exposure to air pollution and asthma mortality. METHODS: We investigated 4,454 individuals who lived in Hubei province, China and died from asthma between 2013 and 2018. A case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression models were applied for data analyses...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Rationale The diagnostic concordance between transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) -- versus surgical lung biopsy (SLB) as the current gold standard -- in interstitial lung disease (ILD) cases requiring histology remains controversial. Objectives To assess diagnostic concordance between TBLC and SLB sequentially performed in the same patients, the diagnostic yield of both techniques, and subsequent changes in multidisciplinary assessment (MDA) decisions. Methods A two-center prospective study included ILD patients with a non-definite usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern (on HRCT scan) confirmed at a first MDA...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

Cellular senescence is now considered an important driving mechanism for chronic lung diseases, particularly COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cellular senescence is due to replicative and stress-related senescence with activation of p53 and p16INK4a respectively, leading to activation of p21CIP1 and cell cycle arrest. Senescent cells secrete multiple inflammatory proteins known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), leading to low grade chronic inflammation, which further drives senescence...

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No abstract text is available yet for this article.

No abstract text is available yet for this article.

RATIONALE: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined by the presence of systemic hypoxia and consequent upon disordered neutrophilic inflammation. Local mechanisms limiting the duration and magnitude of this neutrophilic response remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to test the hypothesis that during acute lung inflammation tissue production of pro-resolution type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) dampen the pro-inflammatory effects of hypoxia through suppression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF-1)α-mediated neutrophil adaptation, resulting in resolution of the lung injury...