journal
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38488566/relative-energy-deficiency-in-sport-reds-endocrine-manifestations-pathophysiology-and-treatments
#1
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Angeliki M Angelidi, Konstantinos Stefanakis, Sharon H Chou, Laura Valenzuela-Vallejo, Konstantina Dipla, Chrysoula Boutari, Konstantinos Ntoskas, Panagiotis Tokmakidis, Alexander Kokkinos, Dimitrios G Goulis, Helen A Papadaki, Christos S Mantzoros
Research on lean, energy-deficient athletic and military cohorts has broadened the concept of the Female Athlete Triad into the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) syndrome. REDs represents a spectrum of abnormalities induced by low energy availability (LEA), which serves as the underlying cause of all symptoms described within the REDs concept, affecting exercising populations of either biological sex. Both short- and long-term LEA, in conjunction with other moderating factors, may produce a multitude of maladaptive changes that impair various physiological systems and adversely affect health, well-being, and sport performance...
March 15, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38457123/the-search-for-the-causes-of-common-hyperandrogenism-1965-to-circa-2015
#2
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Robert L Rosenfield
From 1965-2015, immense strides were made into understanding the mechanisms underlying the common androgen excess disorders, premature adrenarche and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The author reviews the critical discoveries of this era from his perspective investigating these disorders, commencing with his early discoveries of the unique pattern of plasma androgens in premature adrenarche and the elevation of an index of the plasma free testosterone concentration in most hirsute women. The molecular genetic basis, though not the developmental biologic basis, for adrenarche is now known and 11-oxytestosterones shown to be major bioactive adrenal androgens...
March 8, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38436980/mini-puberty-physiological-and-disordered-consequences-and-potential-for-therapeutic-replacement
#3
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Julia Rohayem, Emma C Alexander, Sabine Heger, Anna Nordenström, Sasha R Howard
There are 3 physiological waves of central hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activity over the lifetime. The first occurs during fetal life, the second-termed "mini-puberty"-in the first months after birth, and the third at puberty. After adolescence, the axis remains active all through adulthood. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion or action. In cases of severe CHH, all 3 waves of GnRH pulsatility are absent...
March 4, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38377172/the-immune-landscape-of-pheochromocytoma-and-paraganglioma-current-advances-and-perspectives
#4
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Ondrej Uher, Katerina Hadrava Vanova, David Taieb, Bruna Calsina, Mercedes Robledo, Roderick Clifton-Bligh, Karel Pacak
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors derived from neural crest cells from adrenal medullary chromaffin tissues or extra-adrenal paraganglia, respectively. Although the current treatment for PPGLs is surgery, optimal treatment options for advanced and metastatic cases have been limited. Hence, understanding the role of the immune system in PPGL tumorigenesis can provide essential knowledge for the development of better therapeutic and tumor management strategies, especially for those with advanced and metastatic PPGLs...
February 20, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38372366/correction-to-er-stress-in-cardiometabolic-diseases-from-molecular-mechanisms-to-therapeutics
#5
(no author information available yet)
No abstract text is available yet for this article.
February 19, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38315213/preclinical-rodent-models-for-human-bone-disease-including-a-focus-on-cortical-bone
#6
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Natalie Yy Koh, Justyna J Miszkiewicz, Mary Louise Fac, Natalie Ky Wee, Natalie A Sims
Preclinical models (typically the ovariectomized rat and genetically altered mice) have underpinned much of what we know about skeletal biology. They have been pivotal for developing therapies for osteoporosis and monogenic skeletal conditions, including osteogenesis imperfecta, achondroplasia, hypophosphatasia, and craniodysplasias. Further therapeutic advances, particularly to improve cortical strength, requires improved understanding and more rigorous use and reporting. We describe here how trabecular and cortical bone structure develop, are maintained, and degenerate with ageing in mice, rats, and humans, and how cortical bone structure is changed in preclinical models of endocrine conditions (e...
February 5, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38298137/genetic-and-epigenetic-landscape-for-drug-development-in-polycystic-ovary-syndrome
#7
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Yi Chen, Guiquan Wang, Jingqiao Chen, Congying Wang, Xi Dong, Hsun-Ming Chang, Shuai Yuan, Yue Zhao, Liangshan Mu
The treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) faces challenges as all known treatments are merely symptomatic. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any drug specifically for treating PCOS. As the significance of genetics and epigenetics rises in drug development, their pivotal insights have greatly enhanced the efficacy and success of drug target discovery and validation, offering promise for guiding the advancement of PCOS treatments. In this context, we outline the genetic and epigenetic advancement in PCOS, which provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of this complex disease...
January 31, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38224978/the-basis-for-weekly-insulin-therapy-evolving-evidence-with-insulin-icodec-and-insulin-efsitora-alfa
#8
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Julio Rosenstock, Rattan Juneja, John M Beals, Julie S Moyers, Liza Ilag, Rory J McCrimmon
Basal insulin continues to be a vital part of therapy for many people with diabetes. First attempts to prolong the duration of insulin formulations were through the development of suspensions that required homogenization prior to injection. These insulins, which required once- or twice-daily injections, introduced wide variations in insulin exposure contributing to unpredictable effects on glycemia. Advances over the last 2 decades have resulted in long-acting, soluble basal insulin analogues with prolonged and less variable pharmacokinetic exposure, improving their efficacy and safety, notably by reducing nocturnal hypoglycemia...
January 16, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38206185/imaging-of-pheochromocytomas-and-paragangliomas
#9
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Henri J L M Timmers, David Taïeb, Karel Pacak, Jacques W M Lenders
Pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas are unique in their highly variable molecular landscape driven by genetic alterations, either germline or somatic. These mutations translate into different clusters with distinct tumor locations, biochemical/metabolomic features, tumor cell characteristics (e.g. receptors, transporters) and disease course. Such tumor heterogeneity calls for different imaging strategies in order to provide proper diagnosis and follow-up. This also warrants selection of the most appropriate and locally available imaging modalities tailored to an individual patient based on consideration of many relevant factors including age, (anticipated) tumor location(s), size and multifocality, underlying genotype, biochemical phenotype, chance of metastases as well as the patient's personal preference and treatment goals...
January 11, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37556371/adipose-tissue-dysfunction-and-energy-balance-paradigms-in-people-living-with-hiv
#10
REVIEW
Claudia E Ramirez Bustamante, Neeti Agarwal, Aaron R Cox, Sean M Hartig, Jordan E Lake, Ashok Balasubramanyam
Over the past 4 decades, the clinical care of people living with HIV (PLWH) evolved from treatment of acute opportunistic infections to the management of chronic, noncommunicable comorbidities. Concurrently, our understanding of adipose tissue function matured to acknowledge its important endocrine contributions to energy balance. PLWH experience changes in the mass and composition of adipose tissue depots before and after initiating antiretroviral therapy, including regional loss (lipoatrophy), gain (lipohypertrophy), or mixed lipodystrophy...
March 4, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37467734/the-emerging-therapeutic-potential-of-kisspeptin-and-neurokinin-b
#11
REVIEW
Bijal Patel, Kanyada Koysombat, Edouard G Mills, Jovanna Tsoutsouki, Alexander N Comninos, Ali Abbara, Waljit S Dhillo
Kisspeptin (KP) and neurokinin B (NKB) are neuropeptides that govern the reproductive endocrine axis through regulating hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal activity and pulsatile GnRH secretion. Their critical role in reproductive health was first identified after inactivating variants in genes encoding for KP or NKB signaling were shown to result in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and a failure of pubertal development. Over the past 2 decades since their discovery, a wealth of evidence from both basic and translational research has laid the foundation for potential therapeutic applications...
January 4, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37459436/crosstalk-between-the-neuroendocrine-system-and-bone-homeostasis
#12
REVIEW
Yuhu Zhao, Xiaole Peng, Qing Wang, Zhiyu Zhang, Liangliang Wang, Yaozeng Xu, Huilin Yang, Jiaxiang Bai, Dechun Geng
The homeostasis of bone microenvironment is the foundation of bone health and comprises 2 concerted events: bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. In the early 21st century, leptin, an adipocytes-derived hormone, was found to affect bone homeostasis through hypothalamic relay and the sympathetic nervous system, involving neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. This discovery has provided a new perspective regarding the synergistic effects of endocrine and nervous systems on skeletal homeostasis...
January 4, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37439256/biomarkers-to-guide-medical-therapy-in-primary-aldosteronism
#13
REVIEW
Gregory L Hundemer, Alexander A Leung, Gregory A Kline, Jenifer M Brown, Adina F Turcu, Anand Vaidya
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is an endocrinopathy characterized by dysregulated aldosterone production that occurs despite suppression of renin and angiotensin II, and that is non-suppressible by volume and sodium loading. The effectiveness of surgical adrenalectomy for patients with lateralizing PA is characterized by the attenuation of excess aldosterone production leading to blood pressure reduction, correction of hypokalemia, and increases in renin-biomarkers that collectively indicate a reversal of PA pathophysiology and restoration of normal physiology...
January 4, 2024: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38123518/the-molecular-biology-of-midgut-neuroendocrine-neoplasms
#14
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Amy P Webster, Chrissie Thirlwell
Midgut neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are one of the most common subtypes of NEN, and their incidence is rising globally. Despite being the most frequently diagnosed malignancy of the small intestine, little is known about their underlying molecular biology. Their unusually low mutational burden compared to other solid tumours, and the unexplained occurrence of multi-focal tumours makes the molecular biology of midgut NENs a particularly fascinating field of research. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the understanding of the interplay of the genetic, epigenetic and transcriptomic landscape in the development of midgut NENs; a topic which is critical to understanding their biology and improving treatment options and outcomes for patients...
December 20, 2023: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38091968/endotrophin-a-key-marker-and-driver-for-fibroinflammatory-disease
#15
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Kim Henriksen, Federica Genovese, Alexander Reese-Petersen, Laurent P Audoly, Kai Sun, Morten A Karsdal, Philipp E Scherer
Our overview covers several key areas related to recent results obtained for collagen type VI and endotrophin (ETP): i) An introduction to the history of ETP, including how it was identified, how it is released and its function and potential receptors. ii) An introduction to the collagen family, with a focus on what differentiates collagen type VI from an evolutionary standpoint. iii) An overview of collagen type VI, the six individual chains (COL6A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6), their differences and similarities, as well as their expression profiles and function...
December 13, 2023: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38038364/what-is-the-carcinoid-syndrome-a-critical-appraisal-of-its-proposed-mediators
#16
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Merijn C F Mulders, Wouter W de Herder, Johannes Hofland
The carcinoid syndrome (CS) is a debilitating disease that affects approximately 20% of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN). Due to the increasing incidence and improved overall survival of patients with NEN over recent decades, patients are increasingly suffering from chronic and refractory CS symptoms. At present, symptom control is hampered by an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome. This systematic review is the first to critically appraise the available evidence for the various hormonal mediators considered to play a causative role in the CS...
December 1, 2023: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/38019584/appetite-and-weight-regulating-neuroendocrine-circuitry-in-hypothalamic-obesity
#17
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Hoong-Wei Gan, Manuela Cerbone, Mehul Tulsidas Dattani
Since hypothalamic obesity (HyOb) was first described over 120 years ago by Joseph Babinski and Alfred Fröhlich, advances in molecular genetic laboratory techniques have allowed us to elucidate various components of the intricate neurocircuitry governing appetite and weight regulation connecting the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, brainstem, adipose tissue, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. On a background of an increasing prevalence of population-level common obesity, the number of survivors of congenital (e...
November 29, 2023: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37409951/epigenetic-dysregulation-in-endometriosis-implications-for-pathophysiology-and-therapeutics
#18
REVIEW
Ryan M Marquardt, Dinh Nam Tran, Bruce A Lessey, Md Saidur Rahman, Jae-Wook Jeong
Endometriosis is a prevalent gynecological condition associated with pelvic pain and infertility. Despite more than a century of research, the etiology of endometriosis still eludes scientific consensus. This lack of clarity has resulted in suboptimal prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options. Evidence of genetic contributors to endometriosis is interesting but limited; however, significant progress has been made in recent years in identifying an epigenetic role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis through clinical studies, in vitro cell culture experiments, and in vivo animal models...
November 9, 2023: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37364580/nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-in-aging-biology-potential-applications-and-many-unknowns
#19
REVIEW
Shalender Bhasin, Douglas Seals, Marie Migaud, Nicolas Musi, Joseph A Baur
Recent research has unveiled an expansive role of NAD+ in cellular energy generation, redox reactions, and as a substrate or cosubstrate in signaling pathways that regulate health span and aging. This review provides a critical appraisal of the clinical pharmacology and the preclinical and clinical evidence for therapeutic effects of NAD+ precursors for age-related conditions, with a particular focus on cardiometabolic disorders, and discusses gaps in current knowledge. NAD+ levels decrease throughout life; age-related decline in NAD+ bioavailability has been postulated to be a contributor to many age-related diseases...
November 9, 2023: Endocrine Reviews
https://read.qxmd.com/read/37267421/the-pregnancy-associated-plasma-protein-a-papp-a-story
#20
REVIEW
Cheryl A Conover, Claus Oxvig
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) was first identified in the early 1970s as a placental protein of unknown function, present at high concentrations in the circulation of pregnant women. In the mid-to-late 1990s, PAPP-A was discovered to be a metzincin metalloproteinase, expressed by many nonplacental cells, that regulates local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) activity through cleavage of high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), in particular IGFBP-4. With PAPP-A as a cell surface-associated enzyme, the reduced affinity of the cleavage fragments results in increased IGF available to bind and activate IGF receptors in the pericellular environment...
November 9, 2023: Endocrine Reviews
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