The interactions between reproductive hormones and epilepsy.

There are complex interactions between hormones, epilepsy, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). While there is ample evidence that hormones influence epilepsy, it is also apparent that epileptic activity influences hormones in both women and men. In addition, AEDs may disturb endocrine function. The clinical importance of these interactions is primarily related to the effects on reproductive hormones, which is the focus of this article. Reproductive endocrine dysfunction is common among women and men with epilepsy. Menstrual disorders, polycystic ovaries, and infertility have been described among women with epilepsy, while reduced potency and sperm abnormalities have been found in men. Sexual problems and endocrine changes have been frequently described in both sexes. Epilepsy and AEDs can target a number of substrates to impact hormone levels. These include the limbic system, hypothalamus, pituitary, peripheral endocrine glands, liver, and adipose tissue. AEDs may also alter the synthesis of steroids and binding proteins, as well as hormone metabolism, and produce direct gonadal effects.