Investigating the binding interaction of quinoline yellow with bovine serum albumin and anti-amyloidogenic behavior of ferulic acid on QY-induced BSA fibrils.

Protein aggregation induces profound changes in the structure along with the conformation of the protein, and is responsible for the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative conditions such as Huntington's, Creutzfeldt-Jacob, Type II diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's, etc. Numerous multi-spectroscopic approaches and in-silico experiments were utilized to investigate BSA's biomolecular interaction and aggregation in the presence of quinoline yellow. The present research investigation evaluated the interaction of BSA with the food colorant (QY) at two different pH (7.4 and 2.0). The development of the BSA-QY complex was established with UV visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The quenching of fluorescence upon the interaction of BSA with QY revealed the static nature of quenching mechanism. The Kb value obtained from our result is 4. 54 × 10-4 M-1 . The results from the competitive site marker study infer that quinoline yellow is binding with the sub-domain IB of bovine serum albumin, specifically on site III. Three-dimensional fluorescence and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy were applied for monitoring the alterations in the microenvironment of BSA upon the addition of quinoline yellow. The results from turbidity and RLS studies showed that higher concentrations of QY (80-400 µM) triggered bovine serum albumin (BSA) aggregation at pH 2.0. At pH 7.4, QY couldn't manage to trigger bovine serum albumin aggregation, perhaps because of the repulsion between negatively charged dye (QY) and anionic bovine serum albumin. The results from far-UV CD, Congo Red, and scanning electron microscopy implicate that the QY-induced aggregates exhibit amyloid fibril-like structures. Molecular docking results revealed that hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and Pi-Sulfur interactions contribute to QY-induced aggregation of BSA. Further, the amyloid inhibitory potential of ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic acid on QY-induced aggregation of BSA, has also been assessed. The QY-induced amyloid fibrils are FA-soluble, as confirmed by turbidity, RLS, and far-UV CD studies. Far-UV CD results showed that FA retains α helix and inhibits cross β sheet formation when the BSA samples were pre-incubated with increasing concentrations of FA (0-500 µM). Our findings conclude that QY dye successfully stimulates BSA aggregation, but ferulic acid inhibits QY-induced aggregation of BSA. Thus, FA can serve as a therapeutic agent and can help in the treatment of various amyloid-related conditions.