Performance of water indices for large-scale water resources monitoring using Sentinel-2 data in Ethiopia.

Evaluating the performance of water indices and water-related ecosystems is crucial for Ethiopia. This is due to limited information on the availability and distribution of water resources at the country scale, despite its critical role in sustainable water management, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem resilience. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of seven water indices and select the best-performing indices for detecting surface water at country scale. Sentinel-2 data from December 1, 2021, to November 30, 2022, were used for the evaluation and processed using the Google Earth Engine. The indices were evaluated using qualitative visual inspection and quantitative accuracy indicators of overall accuracy, producer's accuracy, and user's accuracy. Results showed that the water index (WI) and automatic water extraction index with shadow (AWEIsh) were the most accurate ones to extract surface water. For the latter, WI and AWEIsh obtained an overall accuracy of 96% and 95%, respectively. Both indices had approximately the same spatial coverage of surface water with 82,650 km2 (WI) and 86,530 km2 (AWEIsh) for the whole of Ethiopia. The results provide a valuable insight into the extent of surface water bodies, which is essential for water resource planners and decision-makers. Such data can also play a role in monitoring the country's reservoirs, which are important for the country's energy and economic development. These results suggest that by applying the best-performing indices, better monitoring and management of water resources would be possible to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 6 at the regional level.