Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the regulation mechanism of early bolting and flowering in two cultivars of Angelica sinensis .

The root of Angelica sinensis is utilized in Traditional Chinese medicine to enhance blood replenishment and facilitate blood circulation. The early bolting and flowering (EBF) of A. sinensis , however, compromises the quality of the roots and restricts the yield of medicinal substances. The study was conducted to compare the transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles between EBF plants and normal plants of two cultivars of A. sinensis , followed by validation of the transcriptome results using qRT-PCR. There were 3677 DEGs in EBF plants compared to normal plants of cultivar 2 (Mingui No.2), and cultivar 4 (Mingui No.4) was 3354. The main differential metabolites in the EBF and normal plants were phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans, and coumarins. The analysis of 5 EBF-related pathways revealed 28 genes exhibiting differential expression and 5 metabolites showing differential accumulation. The expression of the Lhcb5 , Lhcb2 , Lhcb6 , Lhcb1 , Lhca4 , ATPG1 , EGLC , CELB , AMY , glgA , CYCD3 , SnRK2 , PYL , AHK2 , AUX1 , BSK , FabI/K , ACACA and FabV decreased and the expression of the PsbR , PsbA , LHY , FT , CO , malQ , HK , GPI and DELLA increased in EBF plants. In addition, the Abscisic acid, d-Glucose-6P, α-d-Glucose-1P, NADP+, and ADP were more significantly enriched in EBF plants. The findings offer novel perspectives on the EBF mechanisms in A. sinensis and other medicinal plants of the Apiaceae family.