Triple Arthrodesis: How to Manage Failures, Malunion, and Nonunion.

Nonunions are managed by general principles that govern other bone healing sites; however, when confounding with malunion, additional attention must be given. Malunited triple arthrodesis requires a thorough understanding of biomechanical and surgical principles for adequate revision surgery. Due to the rigid nature of arthrodesis surgery on a weight-bearing surface, malunited fusions have very low patient tolerance. The lack of joints leads to a block of bone that can be corrected via derotational osteotomies with wedge supplementation. However, even if a rectus foot is achieved, compensatory motion via the ankle joint commonly causes arthritic long-term sequelae.