Double-edged effect of sodium citrate in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ): Promoting lipid and protein deposition vs. causing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.

Citrate is an essential substrate for energy metabolism that plays critical roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolic homeostasis. However, the action of citrate in regulating nutrient metabolism in fish remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of dietary sodium citrate on growth performance and systematic energy metabolism in juvenile Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ). A total of 270 Nile tilapia (2.81 ± 0.01 g) were randomly divided into three groups (3 replicates per group, 30 fish per replicate) and fed with control diet (35% protein and 6% lipid), 2% and 4% sodium citrate diets, respectively, for 8 weeks. The results showed that sodium citrate exhibited no effect on growth performance ( P  > 0.05). The whole-body crude protein, serum triglyceride and hepatic glycogen contents were significantly increased in the 4% sodium citrate group ( P < 0.05), but not in the 2% sodium citrate group ( P  > 0.05). The 4% sodium citrate treatment significantly increased the serum glucose and insulin levels at the end of feeding trial and also in the glucose tolerance test ( P < 0.05). The 4% sodium citrate significantly enhanced the hepatic phosphofructokinase activity and inhibited the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 2 and phosphor-pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha proteins ( P < 0.05). Additionally, the 4% sodium citrate significantly increased hepatic triglyceride and acetyl-CoA levels, while the expressions of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a protein were significantly down-regulated by the 4% sodium citrate ( P < 0.05). Besides, the 4% sodium citrate induced crude protein deposition in muscle by activating mTOR signaling and inhibiting AMPK signaling ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, the 4% sodium citrate significantly suppressed serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, along with the lowered expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as nfκb , tnfα and il8 ( P < 0.05). Although the 4% sodium citrate significantly increased phosphor-nuclear factor-kB p65 protein expression ( P < 0.05), no significant tissue damage or inflammation occurred. Taken together, dietary supplementation of sodium citrate could exhibit a double-edged effect in Nile tilapia, with the positive aspect in promoting nutrient deposition and the negative aspect in causing hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.