TVAR: Assessing Tissue-specific Functional Effects of Non-coding Variants with Deep Learning.

MOTIVATION: Analysis of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for genetics is still a challenge due to the lack of accurate functional annotation of noncoding variants, especially the rare ones. As eQTLs have been extensively implicated in the genetics of human diseases, we hypothesize that rare noncoding variants discovered in WGS play a regulatory role in predisposing disease risk.

RESULTS: With thousands of tissue- and cell-type-specific epigenomic features, we propose TVAR. This multi-label learning-based deep neural network predicts the functionality of noncoding variants in the genome based on eQTLs across 49 human tissues in the GTEx project. TVAR learns the relationships between high-dimensional epigenomics and eQTLs across tissues, taking the correlation among tissues into account to understand shared and tissue-specific eQTL effects. As a result, TVAR outputs tissue-specific annotations, with an average AUROC of 0.77 across these tissues. We evaluate TVAR's performance on four complex diseases (coronary artery disease, breast cancer, Type 2 diabetes, and Schizophrenia), using TVAR's tissue-specific annotations, and observe its superior performance in predicting functional variants for both common and rare variants, compared to five existing state-of-the-art tools. We further evaluate TVAR's G-score, a scoring scheme across all tissues, on ClinVar, fine-mapped GWAS loci, Massive Parallel Reporter Assay (MPRA) validated variants, and observe the consistently better performance of TVAR compared to other competing tools.

AVAILABILITY: The TVAR source code and its scores on the ClinVar catalog, fine mapped GWAS Loci, high confidence eQTLs from GTEx dataset, and MPRA validated functional variants are available at https://github.com/haiyang1986/TVAR.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.