Optimization of lignin precipitation from black liquor using organic acids and its valorization by preparing lignin nanoparticles.

This work focuses on the precipitation of lignin from kraft black liquor (BL) along with its valorization into lignin nanoparticles (LNP). Two organic acids namely, acetic acid, and lactic acid were used for the precipitation of lignin as an alternative to sulfuric acid. An optimization study was carried out to determine the effect of three key variables, namely acid type, temperature, and pH, on the isolation yield and purity of lignin. The study showed that all factors primarily influenced the lignin yield, while the purity of precipitated lignin varied only around 1 % between minimum to maximum purity. Further, the acid precipitation method was selected for the preparation of LNP. The study aimed to observe the effect of pH, lignin concentration, and surfactant concentration over the properties of the prepared nanoparticles. The results showed that a smaller nanoparticle size and maximization of phenolic content was achieved with a lignin concentration of 35 mg/mL, a surfactant concentration of 10 % (w/w lignin), and a pH of 5. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of LNPs against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria was evaluated. The results showed only minor activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential method for precipitation and valorization of lignin through the production of LNP with desirable properties.