Subcutaneous injection granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is superior to intrauterine infusion on patients with recurrent implantation failure: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Although both subcutaneous injection and intrauterine infusion of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) have been reported to improve pregnancy outcomes in patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF), how to administer it is still no consensus. The study aimed to investigate which administration route is optimal. We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) from inception to April 10, 2023, with language in both English and Chinese. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared the effectiveness of G-CSF to treat patients with RIF were included in this network meta-analysis (NMA). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in pregnancy outcomes (implantation rate, IR; clinical pregnancy rate, CPR; live birth rate, LBR; miscarriage rate, MR; ectopic pregnancy rate, EPR) were summarized by NMA with a random-effects model. A total of 1360 RIF patients from 14 RCTs were included in this NMA, with no publication bias and small sample effects. No direct evidence compared the effectiveness of different administration routes of G-CSF on IR, LBR and MR. Both subcutaneous injection and intrauterine infusion of G-CSF increased the IR (OR = 2.81, 95% CI: 1.10-7.24; OR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.50-3.07, respectively) and CPR (OR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.86-4.17; OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.30-2.33, respectively) in patients with RIF. According to SUCRA, subcutaneous injection is more likely to be the optimal medication administration route. However, more high-quality studies were also needed to support these, especially IR and LBR.