New Dimensions in Palliative Care Cardiology.

The landscape of patient care at the beginning of the 19th century was dramatically different than it is today. With few good treatment options, illness courses were generally brief. Near the end of life, patients were attended to by spiritual advisors, not health care professionals. Death typically occurred at home, surrounded by friends and family. Moving to the present time, decades of medical advances have significantly improved life expectancy. Cardiology has particularly benefited from many of these advances. Cardiac patients are initiated on optimal medication regimens. As disease burdens progress, interventions such as implantable defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization pacing systems become options for many patients. With further clinical deterioration, select patients might be candidates for ventricular assist devices and heart transplants. These advances have unquestionably improved the prognosis with advanced cardiovascular illnesses. However, they have also changed patient and family attitudes about death and dying, to the point where we have effectively "medicalized our mortality." The importance of introducing palliative care to the cardiac patient population is now well recognized, with the major cardiovascular societies incorporating palliative care principles into their guideline and consensus statement documents. However, despite this recognition, few cardiac patients get access to palliative care and other resources such as hospice. In this article the existing literature on this topic is reviewed and opportunities for developing and fostering a more collaborative relationship between the disciplines of cardiology and palliative care are discussed.