Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods

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The rate of cell proliferation is a crucial factor in cell production under good manufacturing practice (GMP) control. Here we identified a culture system for induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) that supports cell proliferation and viability and maintains the cells in an undifferentiated state even at eight days after seeding. This system involves the use of dot pattern culture plates that have been coated with a chemically defined scaffold (CDS) which has high biocompatibility. Under cell starvation conditions, where medium exchange was not performed for seven days or where the amount of medium exchange was reduced to half or a quarter, iPSC viability and lack of differentiation were maintained...

Mesenchymal stem cell and 3D printing-based bone tissue engineering present a promising technique to repair large-volume bone defects. Its success is highly dependent on cell attachment, spreading, osteogenic differentiation and in-vivo survival of stem cells on 3D printed scaffolds. In this study, we adopted a human salivary histatin-1 (Hst1) as a cell-targeting strategy to enhance the interactions of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) on 3D printed β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds...

Cathepsins are a family of cysteine proteases responsible for a variety of homeostatic functions throughout the body, including extracellular matrix remodeling, and have been implicated in a variety of degenerative diseases. However, clinical trials using systemic administration of cathepsin inhibitors have been abandoned due to side effects, so local delivery of cathepsin inhibitors may be advantageous. In these experiments, a novel microfluidic device platform was developed that can synthesize uniform, hydrolytically-degradable microparticles from a combination of poly(ethylene diacrylate) (PEGDA) and dithiothreitol (DTT)...

BACKGROUND: Allogeneic chondrocyte therapies need to be developed to allow more individuals to be treated with a cell therapy for cartilage repair and to reduce the burden and cost of current two-stage autologous procedures. Up-scale manufacture of chondrocytes using a bioreactor could help provide an off-the-shelf allogeneic chondrocyte therapy with many doses being produced in a single manufacturing run. Here we assess a Good Manufacturing Practice compliant hollow-fibre bioreactor (Quantum®) for adult chondrocyte manufacture...

Defects characterized as large osseous voids in bone, in certain circumstances, are difficult to treat, requiring extensive treatments which lead to an increased financial burden, pain, and prolonged hospital stays. Grafts exist to aid in bone tissue regeneration (BTR), among which ceramic-based grafts have become increasingly popular due to their biocompatibility and resorbability. BTR using bioceramic materials such as β-tricalcium phosphate has seen tremendous progress and has been extensively used in the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds through the three-dimensional printing (3DP) workflow...

This cross-sectional study explored extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived gene expression of markers for bone turnover and pro-inflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected from fifty-two participants (18 healthy, 13 gingivitis and 21 stages III/IV periodontitis), from which small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) were enriched using the size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) method, and characterised by morphology, EV-protein, and size distribution, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), respectively...

An animal model of osteoarthritis (OA) induced by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) can be effectively adjusted based on the concentration of MIA to control the onset, progression, and severity of OA as required. The rat temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) model using MIA is a useful tool for studying the effectiveness of disease-modifying OA drugs in TMJOA research. However, the intricate and complex anatomy of the rat TMJ often poses challenges in achieving consistent TMJOA induction during experiments...

Regenerative medicine approaches to restore the mandibular condyle of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may fill an unmet patient need. Here, a method to implant an acellular regenerative TMJ prosthesis was developed for orthotopic implantation in a pilot goat study. The scaffold incorporated a porous, polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite (PCL-HAp, 20wt% HAp) 3D-printed condyle with a cartilage-matrix-containing hydrogel. A series of material characterizations were used to determine the structure, fluid transport, and mechanical properties of 3D-printed PCL-HAp...

The heart contains six different types of endothelial cells, each with a unique function. We sought to characterize the endocardial endothelial cells (EECs), which line the chambers of the heart. EECs are relatively understudied, yet their dysregulation can lead to various cardiac pathologies. Due to the lack of commercial availability of this cell line, we developed a protocol for isolating EECs from porcine hearts and detailed our methodology for establishing populations of EECs through cell sorting. Additionally, we compared the EEC phenotype and fundamental behaviors to a well-studied endothelial cell line, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)...

The articles and reviews in the field of dECM from 2001 to 2021 were retrieved and extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection. The R package Bibliometrix, CiteSpace, VOSviewer and the online BIBLIOMETRC platform were utilized for bibliometric analysis, including specific characteristics of annual publications, influential countries/ regions, core journals, leading institutions, keywords, key references, co-cited authors, journals and institutions, cooperation and historical direct citations. Our study concluded core references that fueled the development of dECM and highlighted current research directions, hotpots and trends...

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Bioreactor systems, for example, spinner flask and perfusion bioreactors, and cell-seeded three-dimensional (3D)-printed scaffolds are used in bone tissue engineering strategies to stimulate cells and produce bone tissue suitable for implantation into the patient. The construction of functional and clinically relevant bone graft using cell-seeded 3D-printed scaffolds within bioreactor systems is still a challenge. Bioreactor parameters, for example, fluid shear stress and nutrient transport, will crucially affect cell function on 3D-printed scaffolds...

Due to its superior mechanical and biological properties, titanium metal is widely used in dental implants, orthopedic devices, and bone regenerative materials. Advances in 3D printing technology have led to more and more metal-based scaffolds being used in orthopedic applications. Micro-computed tomography (µCT) is commonly applied to evaluate the newly formed bone tissues and scaffold integration in animal studies. However, the presence of metal artifacts dramatically hinders the accuracy of µCT analysis of new bone formation...

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The aim of this study was to test the suitability of calcium phosphate cement mixed with poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (CPC-PLGA) microparticles into a ring-shaped polymeric space-maintaining device as bone graft material for lateral bone augmentation. Therefore, the bone chambers were installed on the lateral portion of the anterior region of the mandibular body of mini-pigs. Chambers were filled with either CPC-PLGA or BioOss® particles for comparison and left for 4 and 12 weeks. Histology and histomorphometry were used to obtain temporal insight in material degradation and bone formation...

Corneal nerves originate from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, which enters the cornea at the limbus radially from all directions toward the central cornea. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons of trigeminal nerve are located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) while the axons are extended into the three divisions including ophthalmic branch that supplies corneal nerves. Study of primary neuronal cultures established from the TG fibers can therefore provide a knowledge basis for corneal nerve biology and potentially be developed as an in vitro platform for drug testing...

Head and neck squamous cell cancer carcinoma (HNSCC) is a challenging disease to treat because of typically late-stage diagnoses and tumor formation in difficult-to-treat areas, sensitive to aggressive or invasive treatments. To date, HNSCC treatments have been limited to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, which may have significant morbidity and often lead to long-lasting side effects. The development of immunotherapies has revolutionized cancer treatment by providing a promising alternative to standard-of-care therapies...

Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that comprises of a series of molecular and cellular events that occur after tissue injury. The injuries of the maxillofacial and oral region caused by trauma or surgery result in undesirable wound healing such as delayed wound closure and formation of scar tissue. Skin tissue engineering/regeneration is an emerging approach towards faster, superior, and more effective resolution of clinically significant wounds effectively. A multitude of tissue engineering principles approaches are being put to action for the fabrication of hydrogels, electrospun sheets, 3D scaffolds, and thin films that can be used as wound dressings materials, sutures, or skin substitutes...

Bioactive glasses (BAGs) are surface-active ceramic materials that can be used in bone regeneration due to their known osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. This systematic review aimed to study the clinical and radiographic outcomes of using BAGs in periodontal regeneration. The selected studies were collected from PubMed and Web of Science databases, and included clinical studies investigating the use of BAGs on periodontal bone defect augmentation between January 2000 and February 2022. The identified studies were screened using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines...