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No effect of high eating frequency compared to low eating frequency on appetite and inflammation biomarkers: results from a randomized cross-over clinical trial.
Journal of Nutrition 2024 May 3
BACKGROUND: Eating frequency (EF) focuses on the total number of eating occasions per day and may influence metabolic health.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the effect of high vs. low EF on appetite regulation and inflammatory biomarkers among healthy adults.
METHODS: Data are from a randomized, cross-over trial (the Frequency of Eating and Satiety Hormones (FRESH) Study). Participants (n=50) completed two isocaloric 21-day study periods of low EF (three eating occasions/day) and high EF (six eating occasions/day) in random order with a 14-day wash-out period in-between. Participants were free-living and consumed their own food, using study-directed, structured meal plans with identical foods and total energy in both study periods. On days 1 and 21 of each EF period, fasting blood was collected during in-person clinic visits to assess plasma concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Linear mixed models with EF, diet order, and period as fixed effects; and participant as random effect estimated the intervention effect. Interaction effects between EF and % body fat were examined.
RESULTS: Among the 50 participants who completed the trial, 39 (78%) were women, 30 (60%) were Non-Hispanic White, 40 (80%) had a BMI<25 kg/m2 , and the mean age was 32.1years. The differences between high vs. low EF in fasting ghrelin (geometric mean difference: 17.76 ng/ml, p=0.60), leptin (geometric mean difference: 2.09 ng/ml, p=0.14), adiponectin (geometric mean difference: 381.7 ng/ml, p=0.32), and hs-CRP (geometric mean difference: -0.018 mg/dl, p=0.08) were not statistically significant. No EF x % body fat interaction was observed on appetite regulation and inflammatory biomarkers.
CONCLUSIONS: No differences was observed in fasting ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and hs-CRP, comparing high vs. low EF. Future studies are needed to understand the physiology of eating frequency and appetite as they relate to metabolic health.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the effect of high vs. low EF on appetite regulation and inflammatory biomarkers among healthy adults.
METHODS: Data are from a randomized, cross-over trial (the Frequency of Eating and Satiety Hormones (FRESH) Study). Participants (n=50) completed two isocaloric 21-day study periods of low EF (three eating occasions/day) and high EF (six eating occasions/day) in random order with a 14-day wash-out period in-between. Participants were free-living and consumed their own food, using study-directed, structured meal plans with identical foods and total energy in both study periods. On days 1 and 21 of each EF period, fasting blood was collected during in-person clinic visits to assess plasma concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Linear mixed models with EF, diet order, and period as fixed effects; and participant as random effect estimated the intervention effect. Interaction effects between EF and % body fat were examined.
RESULTS: Among the 50 participants who completed the trial, 39 (78%) were women, 30 (60%) were Non-Hispanic White, 40 (80%) had a BMI<25 kg/m2 , and the mean age was 32.1years. The differences between high vs. low EF in fasting ghrelin (geometric mean difference: 17.76 ng/ml, p=0.60), leptin (geometric mean difference: 2.09 ng/ml, p=0.14), adiponectin (geometric mean difference: 381.7 ng/ml, p=0.32), and hs-CRP (geometric mean difference: -0.018 mg/dl, p=0.08) were not statistically significant. No EF x % body fat interaction was observed on appetite regulation and inflammatory biomarkers.
CONCLUSIONS: No differences was observed in fasting ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and hs-CRP, comparing high vs. low EF. Future studies are needed to understand the physiology of eating frequency and appetite as they relate to metabolic health.
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