Diatom bloom trigger novel variations in microzooplanktonic ciliate composition, body-size spectrum and biotic-abiotic interaction in the Arctic Ocean.

How microzooplanktonic ciliate adaptative strategies differ across diatom bloom and non-diatom bloom areas in the Arctic Ocean remains poorly documented. To address this gap, two different situations were categorized in the Arctic Ocean at summer 2023: diatom bloom stations (DBS) (genus Thalassiosira, chain-like) and non-diatom bloom stations (nDBS). Total abundance of ciliate at 3 m and 25 m in DBS was 2.8 and 1.8 folds higher than in nDBS, respectively. Aloricate ciliates were singled out in both DBS and nDBS, whilst their average abundance and biomass of large size-fraction (>50 μm) in former were 4.5-5.6 folds higher than in latter. Regarding tintinnids, high abundance of Ptychocylis acuta (Bering Strait species) mainly occurred at DBS, coupled with distribution of co-occurring Pacific-origin species Salpingella sp.1, collectively suggested a strong intrusion of Pacific Inflow during summer 2023. Additionally, presence of high abundance of Acanthostomella norvegica and genus Parafavella in nDBS might indicate the trajectory of the Transpolar Drift. Alternatively, tintinnids can serve as credible bioindicators for either monitoring currents or evaluating microzooplankton Borealization. Average abundance of total ciliate within 15-135 μm body-size spectrum in DBS was higher than nDBS. Moreover, spearman's rank correlation between biotic and abiotic analysis revealed that temperature and dissolved oxygen at DBS determined tintinnid species richness and ciliate total abundance, respectively. The results clearly demonstrate that remarkable divergences in large size-fraction of ciliate abundance between DBS and nDBS validate their irreplaceable role in controlling phytoplankton outbreak and associated biological processes in polar seas.