Acne-induced pathological scars: pathophysiology and current treatments.

Acne is a common chronic inflammatory dermatosis that can lead to pathological scars (PSs, divided into hypertrophic scars and keloids). These kinds of abnormal scars seriously reduce the quality of life of patients. However, their mechanism is still unclear, resulting in difficult clinical prevention, unstable treatment effects and a high risk of recurrence. Available evidence supports inflammatory changes caused by infection as one of the keys to abnormal proliferation of skin fibroblasts. In acne-induced PSs, increasing knowledge of the immunopathology indicates that inflammatory cells directly secrete growth factors to activate fibroblasts and release pro-inflammatory factors to promote the formation of PSs. T helper cells contribute to PSs via the secretion of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, the pro-inflammatory factors; while regulatory T cells have anti-inflammatory effects, secrete IL-10 and prostaglandin E2, and suppress fibrosis production. Several treatments are available, but there is a lack of combination regimens to target different aspects of acne-induced PSs. Overall, this review indicates that the joint involvement of inflammatory response and fibrosis plays a crucial role in acne-induced PSs, and also analyzes the interaction of current treatments for acne and PS.