Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and atrial fibrillation: recent advances and open questions.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) are frequently associated and can be caused or exacerbated by each other through different mechanisms. AF is particularly common in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50%, with a prevalence ranging around 40-60%.In two recent trials, treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors resulted in a lower risk of worsening heart failure or cardiovascular death than placebo in patients with HFpEF, and SGLT2 inhibitors similarly improved prognosis whether patients had AF or not at enrolment. Analyses for subgroups of interest of patients with HFpEF likely to be at higher risk of AF (particularly those with older age or obesity) similarly indicated a consistent benefit with SGLT2 inhibitors. That subgroup in patients with HFpEF is those with a history of previous HF with LVEF ≤ 40%. The EAST-AFNET 4 trial indicated that early rhythm-control therapy was associated with a lower risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes than usual care among patients with recent AF and cardiovascular conditions, including those with HF. In patients with AF and HF included in the CABANA trial, catheter ablation produced marked improvements in survival, freedom from AF recurrence, and quality of life compared to drug therapy. When strategies aiming at rhythm control eventually fail in patients with AF and HFpEF, a strategy of rate control with atrioventricular junction ablation and cardiac resynchronisation should be discussed since it may also reduce all-cause mortality.Finally, and in conclusion, considering that patients with AF and HFpEF may have a variety of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular additional comorbidities, they are among those likely to have the highest clinical benefit being adherent to a holistic and integrated care management of AF following the ABC (Atrial Fibrillation Better Care) pathway.