Impact of intestinal microbiota on metabolic toxicity and potential detoxification of amygdalin.

Amygdalin (Amy) is metabolized into cyanide in vivo , which may lead to fatal poisoning after oral administration. The defense mechanisms against toxic cyanide have not yet been adequately studied. In this study, comparative toxicokinetics study of Amy was performed in normal and pseudo germ-free rats. The efficiency of cyanide release was significant higher in normal group when given a single oral dose of 440 mg/kg (50% median lethal dose). Thiocyanate, the detoxification metabolite, was firstly detected in feces, caecum, and intestinal microbiota incubation enzymic system. The results suggest intestinal microbiota is involved in bidirectional regulation of toxicity and detoxification of Amy. We further identified the species related to cyanogenesis of Amy with metagenomic sequencing, such as Bifidobacterium pseudolongum , Marvinbryantia formatexigens , and Bacteroides fragilis . Functional analysis of microbiota reveals the detoxification potential of intestinal microbiota for cyanide. Sulfurtransferase superfamily, such as rhodanese, considered as main detoxification enzymes for cyanide, are largely found in Coriobacteriaceae bacterium , Butyricicoccus porcorum , Akkermansia muciniphila , etc. Besides, cyanoamino acid metabolism pathway dominated by Escherichia coli may contribute to the detoxification metabolism of cyanide. In summary, intestinal microbiota may be the first line of defense against the toxicity induced by Amy.