The effects of astaxanthin supplementation on expression of microRNAs involved in cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review of current evidence.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have biological roles in controlling oxidative stress. Astaxanthin (AST) may regulate circulating miRNAs in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the effect of AST on miRNA involved in CVDs. A systematic literature search from inception to August 2022 resulted in 80 preliminary studies; 15 articles were included. In vitro studies indicated that AST up-regulated miRNAs compromised miR-138, miR-7, miR-29a-3p, and miR-200a, while down-regulated miR-382-5p, miR-31-5p, and miR-21. In vivo articles revealed that AST increased the expression of miR-124, miR-7, miR-29a-3p, and miR-200a but decreased miR-21 and miR-31-5p and the only clinical study showed a drop in miR-146a. The findings indicate that AST regulated different pathways of miRNAs implicated in various conditions. Therefore AST as a new therapeutic strategy could be essential in preventing and controlling CVDs. However, more studies, including clinical trials, are needed to determine the influence of AST on miRNAs associated with CVDs.