Cavitation fatigue in conifers: a study on eight European species.

After drought-induced embolism and repair, tree xylem may be weakened against future drought events (cavitation fatigue). Since there are few data on cavitation fatigue in conifers available, we quantified vulnerability curves (VCs) after embolism/repair cycles on eight European conifer species. We induced 50 and 100% loss of conductivity (LC) with a cavitron, and analysed VCs. Embolism repair was obtained by vacuum infiltration. All species demonstrated complete embolism repair and a lack of any cavitation fatigue after 50% LC. After 100% LC, European larch (Larix decidua), stone pine (Pinus cembra), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and silver fir (Abies alba) remained unaffected, while mountain pine (Pinus mugo), yew (Taxus baccata) and common juniper (Juniperus communis) exhibited 0.4 to 0.9 MPa higher vulnerability to embolism. A small cavitation fatigue observed in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was probably biased by incomplete embolism repair, as indicated by a correlation of vulnerability shifts and conductivity restoration. Our data demonstrate that cavitation fatigue in conifers is species-specific and depends on the intensity of preceding LC. The lack of fatigue effects after moderate LC, and relevant effects in only three species after high LC, indicate that conifers are relatively resistant against cavitation fatigue. This is remarkable considering the complex and delicate conifer pit architecture and may be important considering climate change projections.