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Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Premotor parkinsonism models.
Parkinsonism & related Disorders 2014 January
Aside from motor symptoms, Parkinson's disease is associated with a number of non-motor symptoms arising many years before motor signs. The most prevalent and predictive premotor symptoms include olfactory dysfunction, REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and constipation. Several studies in toxin- or gene-based models have specifically investigated these non-motor signs in a premotor context. Altered olfactory discrimination has been reproduced both in toxin- and in gene-based models, and genetic models may also reproduce the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Sleep alterations have also been demonstrated, mostly in toxin-based models, and RBD-like features can be demonstrated in non-human primates. Gastrointestinal dysfunction and associated enteric pathology are reproduced both in toxin and genetic models displaying reduced colonic motility and enteric α-synuclein accumulation. This review describes the main premotor symptoms that are recapitulated both in toxin- and in gene-based models, their relevance to the human disease, and their potential to understand the underlying mechanisms of early symptoms and disease progression.
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