long jump

Myelinated axons conduct action potentials, or spikes, in a saltatory manner. Inward current caused by a spike occurring at one node of Ranvier spreads axially to the next node, which regenerates the spike when depolarized enough for voltage-gated sodium channels to activate, and so on. The rate at which this process progresses dictates the velocity at which the spike is conducted, and depends on several factors including axial resistivity and axon diameter that directly affect axial current. Here we show through computational simulations in modified double-cable axon models that conduction velocity also depends on extracellular factors whose effects can be explained by their indirect influence on axial current...

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the effects of two concurrent training (CT) protocols on the physical fitness of middle school students. METHOD: A 12-week quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test study was conducted with 157 middle school students (age = 12.48 ± 0.34, n = 90 females) divided into three groups: CT group A (CT-0h) received combined resistance training (RT) and aerobic training (AT) in each physical education session, CT group B (CT-48h) received RT and AT across two separate physical education classes 48 h apart, and a control group (Con) received no training...

The optimal immune response eliminates invading pathogens, restoring immune equilibrium without inflicting undue harm to the host. However, when a cascade of immunological reactions is triggered, the immune response can sometimes go into overdrive, potentially leading to harmful long-term effects or even death. The immune system is triggered mostly by infections, allergens, or medical interventions such as vaccination. This review examines how these immune triggers differ and why certain infections may dysregulate immune homeostasis, leading to inflammatory or allergic pathology and exacerbation of pre-existing conditions...

Background and Objective : The accurate prediction of strength development relies on identifying the most appropriate measurement methods. This study compared diverse strength measurement techniques to assess their effectiveness in predicting strength development. Participants were taekwondo athletes competing at the red-black belt level or above. Methods : Technical striking forces (palding, dollyeo chagi, dwit chagi, and yeop chagi) were measured using a Herman Digital Trainer fixed to a striking stand. Quadriceps and hamstring strength were assessed with a Lafayette force measuring device...

(1) Background: Trainers and athletes have always sought to reduce the failure of muscle function during long endurance events. However, nowadays, it is a topic that is generating much debate in the scientific field. Currently, deep-sea water (DSW) intake seems to be a suitable hydration alternative for this type of endurance event. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether DSW consumption during a triathlon event could preserve muscle function after exercise. (2) Methods: Nineteen trained male triathletes (age = 39...

The aim was to investigate the impact of a specific structured movement activities (SMA) program compared to free play activity (FRP) on the strength, speed, agility, coordination, and balance of motor fitness (MF) in 6-year-old boys and girls. A total of 53 children (24 boys, 29 girls) were randomly allocated to either the SMA group or the FRP group. Both group activities were administered three times a week over a 6-month period. MF variables were assessed before (pre-) and after (post-) using tests: the flamingo balance (FLA), the standing long jump (SLJ), plate tapping (PTT), the obstacle course backwards (OCB), and the shuttle run 4 × 5 m (SRT)...

Ramps facilitate earlier access to complex environments and increase early life voluntary exercise, which may positively affect the cognitive development of chickens. This study focused on quantifying individual differences in ramp use and its impact on spatial cognition of laying hen pullets. Sixteen identical pens were housed with Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) chicks of which eight chicks from each pen were colour marked from one day of age (DoA) to serve as focal birds. We quantified overall ramp use (walk/run, wing-assisted incline running, and jump/fly to and from ramps) by scan sampling recorded videos for 6, 10, 12, 20, 27, 41, and 55 DoA for all focal birds...

In order to investigate the effects of a flag rugby game programs on the development of gross motor skills and physical fitness in 5-6 year old preschool children. An overall random sampling method was adopted to select 56 preschoolers aged 5-6 years from class A and class B,class A was the ExG (28) implemented a flag rugby games intervention program,and class B was the ConG (28) implemented a regular physical education program,with a 12-week intervention period.The content and requirements of the experimental intervention program were determined through a systematic analysis method, and the subjects' gross motor skills level was tested using the TGMD-3, and their physical fitness level was measured using China's fifth national physical fitness monitoring of early childhood (3-6 years) component...

The existence and properties of envelope solitary waves on a periodic traveling-wave background, called traveling breathers, are investigated numerically in representative nonlocal dispersive media. Using a fixed-point computational scheme, a space-time boundary-value problem for bright traveling breather solutions is solved for the weakly nonlinear Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation, a nonlocal, regularized shallow water wave model, and the strongly nonlinear conduit equation, a nonlocal model of viscous core-annular flows...

Objectives: This study explored the relationship between physical activity (PA), body mass index (BMI), and physical fitness among junior high school students in Shanghai. Methods: A nationwide offline survey was conducted in Shanghai between August and December 2023, using a purposive sampling design. A total of 403 questionnaires were administered to 10 ninth-grade classes in 10 schools in Shanghai and 372 responses were included in the final analysis. Smart-PLS 4.0, structural equation modeling techniques were employed to analyze the collected data...

Predation is well known to have substantial effects on behaviour and fitness in many animals. In songbirds, nest predation is rarely observed directly, so that research focusses primarily on the consequences of predation and less on the behaviour of the predator. Here, we report predation data in a zebra finch ( Taeniopygia catanosis ) nest box population, highlighting a 22-min-long sequence, captured on video, of a sand goanna ( Varanus gouldii ) predating a zebra finch nest in the wild. This monitor lizard appeared to be extremely persistent with climbing and jumping up to the next box nine times, including three successive unsuccessful attempts that lead to a change in approach strategy...

PURPOSE: Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) is a old line notation for encoding chemical compounds for storage and processing by computers. Whilst the notation itself has long since been surpassed by SMILES and InChI, distribution of WLN during its active years was extensive. In the context of modernising chemical data, we present a comprehensive WLN parser developed using the OpenBabel toolkit, capable of translating WLN strings into various formats supported by the library. Furthermore, we have devised a specialised Finite State Machine l, constructed from the rules of WLN, enabling the recognition and extraction of chemical strings out of large bodies of text...

The molecular dynamics study of thermotropic mesogens exhibiting the crystal phases is valuable in unraveling the complex global (collective) and local (noncollective) motions executed by liquid crystal molecules, which would further advance the existing knowledge on orientationally disordered crystalline (ODIC) phases. Toward the fulfillment of such a task, a combined nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry approach employing the fast field cycling (FFC) NMR (10 kHz-30 MHz) and high-field pulsed NMR (400 MHz) techniques is utilized to sample the broad frequency range offered by molecular motions in the crystal phase of 4-(trans-4'- n -hexylcyclohexyl)-isothiocyanatobenzene (6CHBT)...

This exploratory study examines the relationship between the eccentric utilization ratio (EUR) and the rate of force development (RFD) in squat jumps (SJ). EUR, a key metric in sports science, compares performance in countermovement jumps (CMJ) and squat jumps (SJ). The study hypothesizes that a higher EUR is associated with a poorer RFD in SJ. Basketball and soccer players, long-distance runners, alongside physical education students (209 men; age: 23.2 ± 4.95 years and 104 women; age: 22...

The objective of the current study was to explore the correlation between repeated sprint sets (RSS) ability and several physical attributes, including maximum sprint speed, maximal aerobic speed, maximal anaerobic speed, aerobic capacity, and explosive strength. Moreover, the aim was to assess the suitability of RSS as a comprehensive evaluation tool for physical qualities and to determine which physical field tests most accurately predict RSS in elite young male soccer players. A total of thirty-two young elite male soccer players (mean age 14...

BACKGROUND: Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) has severe impact on the sport horse population. OBJECTIVE: Study the influence of EHM on the likelihood of affected horses to return to their previous performance and investigate the association of clinical variables with prognosis. ANIMALS: Twenty-six horses positive for equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) were admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH) during a natural EHM outbreak at an international jumping event...

BACKGROUND: An appropriate teaching mode in physical education is crucial for ensuring effective education outcomes. Given the dynamic nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, teaching modes are often adjusted. However, there is a lack of in-depth research on the impact of different teaching modes on the outcomes of physical education. Our study aims to address this gap by conducting a comparative analysis of the teaching effectiveness of three different physical education modes among Chinese college students, with a focus on evaluating their impact on physical fitness...

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the correlation between differences in intraoperative jumping gaps and soft tissue changes around immediate implant placement and provisionalization (IIPP) in the maxillary anterior region. Results will provide a basis for clinical evaluation of the change trend and long-term stability of the labial soft tissue contours of patients with different jumping gaps. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with single tooth loss in the maxillary aesthetic area were enrolled, and they all received immediate implant placement and restoration...

When improving athletic performance in sports with high-speed strength demands such as soccer, basketball, or track and field, the most common training method might be resistance training and plyometrics. Since a link between strength capacity and speed strength exists and recently published literature suggested chronic stretching routines may enhance maximum strength and hypertrophy, this review was performed to explore potential benefits on athletic performance. Based on current literature, a beneficial effect of static stretching on jumping and sprinting performance was hypothesized...

PURPOSE: To understand athletic performance before and after puberty, this study determined: 1) the age at which the sex difference increases among elite youth track and field athletes for running and jumping events; and 2) whether there is a sex difference in performance prior to ages associated with puberty among elite youth athletes. METHODS: Track and field records of elite USA male and female youth (7-18 years) across three years (2019, 2021, and 2022) were collected from an online database ( athletic...