Dog renal failure

Intravenous fluid therapy has long been the mainstay of treatment of kidney disease, including acute kidney injury and uremic crisis associated with chronic kidney disease. Careful management of fluid dose is critical, as animals with kidney disease may have marked derangements in their ability to regulate fluid homeostasis and acid-base status. Understanding of the physiology of renal fluid handling is necessary, along with repeated attention to parameters of fluid status, electrolytes, and acid-base balance, to achieve optimal hydration status and avoid further damage or decrease in function from dehydration or overhydration...

Background Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), a naturally occurring heart disease, affects 10% to 15% of the canine population. Canine MMVD shares many similarities with human MMVD. Untargeted metabolomics was performed to identify changes in metabolic pathways and biomarkers with potential clinical utilities. Methods and Results Serum samples from 27 healthy, 22 stage B1, 18 stage B2 preclinical MMVD dogs, and 17 MMVD dogs with a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) were analyzed. Linear regression analysis identified 173 known metabolites whose concentrations were different among the 4 groups (adjusted P <0...

Renin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the kidney control the renin-angiotensin and tubuloglomerular feedback systems. The present study investigated the expression of renin and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the dysplastic kidneys of three young dogs. Renin-immunoreactivity, which occurs in the juxtaglomerular and tubular cells of dysplastic kidneys, did not differ from that in the normal kidneys of young dogs. Macula densa cells in the normal kidneys showed neuronal nitric oxide synthase -immunoreactivity, but those in the dysplastic kidneys showed no apparent signals...

During canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), due to Leishmania infantum ( L. infantum ), uncontrolled infection leads to a strong humoral immune response. As a consequence of the production of high antibody levels and the prolonged presence of parasite antigens, circulating immune complexes (CIC) are formed, which can be deposited in certain organs and tissues, inducing vasculitis, uveitis, dermatitis and especially glomerulonephritis and renal failure. A method to detect CIC and quantify their levels in serum samples from dogs infected with L...

INTRODUCTION: Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs inevitably causes renal dysfunction. These interactions are known as the cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). The main aims of the study were to evaluate whether renal resistive index (RRI) may be useful as a non-invasive marker in subclinical stage of kidney injury in dogs with MMVD and to compare RRI with SDMA and Cyst C. METHODS: Forty-four dogs were divided into two groups: control-15 healthy dogs and the heart group-29 dogs with MMVD (ACVIM class Cc)...

BACKGROUND: Capnocytophaga canimorsus is a Gram-negative capnophilic rod and part of dogs/cats' normal oral flora. It can be transmitted by bites, scratches, or even by contact of saliva with injured skin. Asplenic patients and patients with alcohol abuse are at particular risk for fulminant C. canimorsus sepsis. However, also immunocompetent patients can have a severe or even fatal infection. This is the first case of a severe C. canimorsus infection in an immunocompromised host complicated by acute renal cortical necrosis with a "reverse rim sign" in contrast-enhanced computed tomography on hospital admission...

BACKGROUND: Detection of free light chains (fLC) in animals relies on protein electrophoresis or the Bence-Jones protein test on urine. OBJECTIVE: To describe the detection of both serum fLC (sfLC) and urine fLC (ufLC) in 8 dogs and 2 cats using a commercially available human immunofixation (IF) kit. ANIMALS: Archived serum or urine samples from 27 dogs and 2 cats submitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for routine diagnostics...

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochetal bacterial of the genus Leptospira affecting virtually all mammals. The infection has a broad range of effects, from mild clinical manifestation to multiple organ failure, and ultimately death. A 5-months-old male unvaccinated dog was admitted to the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital presenting dullness, dehydration, jaundiced mucous, bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and hyporexia. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) detected serological titers of 1:1...

BACKGROUND: The kidneys have many essential metabolic functions, and metabolic disturbances during decreased renal function have not been studied extensively. OBJECTIVES: To identify metabolic changes in blood samples with increased serum creatinine concentration, indicating decreased glomerular filtration. ANIMALS: Clinical samples analyzed using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolomics platform. The case group consisted of 23 samples with serum creatinine concentration >125 μmol/L, and the control group of 873 samples with serum creatinine concentration within the reference interval...

Electroporation is a technique that increases the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs by tumors. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) has been successfully used to treat solid tumors. Recently, novel applications have been explored in the treatment of visceral tumors. This report aimed to describe the ECT as an approach to vesical carcinoma in three dogs. The patients received ECT with bleomycin as an intravenous bolus and intra-lesional cisplatin (cases 2 and 3). The ECT was performed by electroporator (Onkodisruptor® ) using a plate and/or a single pair needle array electrode...

AIMS: Arginine vasopressin (AVP) mediates deleterious effects via vascular V1a and renal V2 receptors in heart failure (HF). Despite positive short-term decongestive effects in phase II HF studies, selective V2 receptor antagonism has shown no long-term mortality benefit, potentially related to unopposed V1a receptor activation. We compared the novel dual V1a/V2 receptor antagonist pecavaptan with the selective V2 receptor antagonist tolvaptan in pre-clinical HF models. METHODS AND RESULTS: In vitro IC50 determination in recombinant cell lines revealed similar receptor selectivity profiles (V2:V1a) of tolvaptan and pecavaptan for human and dog AVP receptors, respectively...

The feed additive 'dry grape extract 60-20' is a mixture of two extracts, one from the seed and the other from the skin of Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera . It is intended to be used as a sensory additive (functional group: flavouring compound) in dogs. The additive 'dry grape extract 60-20' is specified to contain ■■■■■ The applicant proposes a maximum use level of 100 mg 'dry grape extract 60-20'/kg of complete feedingstuffs for dogs without a withdrawal period. The FEEDAP Panel was aware of case reports indicating acute toxicity for some dogs consuming grapes or raisins at exposure levels relevant to the use of 'dry grape extract 60-20'...

Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a serum biomarker of renal damage in dogs. Moreover, SDMA concentration is an independent predictor of development of severe heart failure (HF) in humans with cardiac disease. This study evaluates whether the serum concentration of SDMA in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is influenced by the severity of heart disease, pulmonary hypertension (PH) and treatment of HF. A total of 99 client-owned dogs were included in this retrospective case-control study; 78 dogs were affected by MMVD and classified according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) guidelines, and 21 were healthy controls...

Heart failure (HF) affects around 100 million people and is a staggering burden for health care system worldwide. Rapid and sustained activation of inflammatory response is an important feature of HF after myocardial infarction. Sympathetic overactivation is also an important factor in the occurrence and progression of HF. The beneficial effect of renal denervation (RDN) has been demonstrated in HF. In the current study, we hypothesized that RDN improves cardiac function in HF canine models due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and reduced inflammation might be involved...

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection that is common worldwide, with a wide spectrum of clinical signs. It commonly infects the kidneys and the liver but can damage a number of organ systems. Case description: An 18-month-old boxer dog was referred because of reluctance to walk and sickness. Findings/treatment and outcome: His clinical presentation, including swollen and inflamed joints fulfilled the requirements for a diagnosis of immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA)...

BACKGROUND: Sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val), a combined angiotensin-II receptor blocker (Val) and neprilysin inhibitor (Sac) in a 1:1 molar ratio, was shown to decrease the risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure (HF) hospitalization in patients with HF and reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. This study examined the effects of Sac/Val on LV structure, function, and bioenergetics, and on biomarkers of kidney injury and kidney function in dogs with experimental cardiorenal syndrome...

The enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme 2 (11BHSD2) is responsible for converting the active glucocorticoid cortisol to inactive cortisone and in the renal medulla protects the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) from activation by cortisol. Derangements in 11BHSD2 activity can result in reduced conversion of cortisol to cortisone, activation of the MR by cortisol and, consequently, sodium and water retention. The objective of this study was to examine glucocorticoid metabolism in canine congestive heart failure (CHF), specifically to evaluate whether renal 11BHSD2 activity and expression were altered...

Capnocytophagia canimorsus (C. canimorsus) is a Gram-negative bacilli present in the gingival flora of canine and feline species. It is the second most common cause of infection following dog bites and contact with canine saliva, leading to severe sepsis in immunocompromised patients with no evidence of a breach to the skin. We present the case of a previously healthy 51-year-old male who presented with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, acute renal failure with widespread haemorrhagic bullae and skin necrosis...

The ongoing pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19) has led to unprecedented challenges for the global healthcare system. This novel coronavirus disease phenotype ranges from asymptomatic carriage to fulminant cytokine storm with respiratory failure, polyorgan dysfunction and death. Severe disease is characterised by exuberant inflammation resulting from high circulating cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor. These inflammatory mediators are responsible for the detrimental effects on the immune, hematologic, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal and other body systems...

Background and Aim: Kidney regeneration is required for dogs with end-stage renal failure. Decellularization is one of the bioengineering techniques, which involves the removal of all tissue cells and cellular components and conservation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Studies in rats have shown that decellularized kidney has regenerative potential; however, there are no reports on renal decellularization in dogs. Here, we showed the decellularization of the canine kidney. Materials and Methods: The renal artery of the cadaveric canine kidney was cannulated and the whole kidney was frozen at -80°C...