Polysaccharide Base Nanogel

BACKGROUND: Buccal drug delivery is a fascinating research field. Gel-based formulations present potent characteristics as buccal systems since they have great physicochemical properties. METHODS: Among the various gels, in situ gels are viscous colloidal systems consisting of polymers; when physiological conditions change (pH, temperature, ion activation), they are transformed into the gel phase. These systems can improve bioavailability. Other systems, such as nanogels or emulgels can also be applied for buccal delivery with promising results...

Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline drug, is widely used for the treatment of several cancers like osteosarcoma, cervical carcinoma, breast cancer, etc. DOX lacks target specificity; thereby it also affects normal cells thus resulting in several side-effects. A drug delivery system (DDS) can be used to deliver the drug in a controlled and sustained manner at a targeted site within the body. Various DDS like nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, and liposomes are used for loading DOX. Alginate, a polysaccharide is widely used for fabricating DDS due to its biodegradable and bio-compatible properties...

Nanogels were prepared in aqueous media without the use of any organic solvent via a simple polyelectrolyte complexation method between aminated pullulan and fucoidan followed by covalent crosslinking with genipin. Homogeneously distributed genipin crosslinked nanogels (G-PECs) were obtained with a mean hydrodynamic diameter of ∼ 155 nm and zeta potential of 0.86 ± 4.35 mV. Their capacity to bind to human activated platelets was evaluated in vitro, as well as their cytocompatibility within human endothelial cells after 1 day of incubation up to 1000 µg/mL of G-PECs (94...

The ocean contains ice nucleating substances (INSs), some of which can be emitted to the atmosphere where they can influence the formation and properties of clouds. A possible source of INSs in the ocean is exudates from sea-ice diatoms. Here we examine the concentrations and properties of INSs in supernatant samples from dense sea-ice diatom communities collected from Ross Sea and McMurdo Sound in the Antarctic. The median freezing temperatures of the samples ranged from approximately -17 to -22 °C. Based on our results and a comparison with results reported in the literature, the ice nucleating ability of exudates from sea-ice diatoms is likely not drastically different from the ice nucleating ability of exudates from temperate diatoms...

In recent years, starch-based nanoparticles have attracted great interest due to their small size, good biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness, as well as their potential applications in foods, drug delivery carriers, and biodegradable edible films. Compared with nonstarch polysaccharides, starch can be enzymatically hydrolyzed into glucose in vivo, so it can be used as an enzyme-responsive carrier. The recent research progress of starch-based nanoparticles, including starch nanoparticles, starch nanospheres, starch micelles, starch vesicles, starch nanogels, and starch nanofibers, are reviewed in this paper...

HYPOTHESIS: Laminarin (LAM) as a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible marine polysaccharide, has been reported for its ingenious bioactivities such as antioxidant, antitumor antiapoptotic anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and dietary fiber activities, and distinct physicochemical structure possess a remarkably promising potential in biomaterial science. Synthesis of LAM-based microgels and bulk hydrogels have been reported in two stages: modification of LAM polysaccharide with polymerizable functional groups and subsequent crosslinking reaction...

In recent years, researchers across various fields have shown a keen interest in the exploitation of biocompatible natural polymer materials, especially the development and application of seaweed polysaccharides. Seaweed polysaccharides are a multi-component mixture composed of one or more monosaccharides, which have the functions of being anti-virus, anti-tumor, anti-mutation, anti-radiation and enhancing immunity. These biological activities allow them to be applied in various controllable and sustained anti-inflammatory and anticancer drug delivery systems, such as seaweed polysaccharide-based nanoparticles, microspheres and gels, etc...

Nanogel based on polysaccharides has attracted the tremendous interest due to its unique performance as drug carrier for in vivo release. In this work, the multi-responsive nanogels were developed based on the tailor-modified sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SBC). In the presence of crosslinking agent cystamine bisacrylamide (CBA), the in-situ free radical copolymerization of methacrylated monocarboxylic sugarcane bagasse cellulose (MAMC-SBC) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in aqueous phase was conducted, thus leading to redox, pH and thermal-responsive nanogels...

Protein-polysaccharide systems are of increasing interest as their combined attributes allow for fulfilling a broad range of applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. In this study, the preparation of nanogels based on maleic anhydride chitosan derivatives (MAC) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was achieved through a self-assembly process performed in aqueous phase. A series of experiments performed by varying the concentrations of MAC and BSA were conducted to find an appropriate mixing ratio for the polymer solutions leading to thermodynamically stable nanogels with the ability to encapsulate active compounds...

The polysaccharide-based biomaterials hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) have aroused great interest for use in drug delivery systems for tumor therapy, as they have outstanding biocompatibility and great targeting ability for cluster determinant 44 (CD44). In addition, modified HA and CS can self-assemble into micelles or micellar nanoparticles (NPs) for targeted drug delivery. This review discusses the formation of HA- and CS-based NPs, and various types of CS-based NPs including CS-drug conjugates, CS-polymer NPs, CS-small molecule NPs, polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes (PECs), CS-metal NPs, and nanogels...

High-order assembly plays a significant role in the formation of living organisms containing a large number of biomacromolecules, and thus enlightens the construction of nanomaterials that can load macromolecular payloads at a high efficiency. Herein, by choosing anionic hyaluronic acid (HA) as a model payload, we demonstrated how the electrostatic interaction induced high-order assembly can be utilized to load efficiently biomacromolecules into complex coacervate nanodroplets. The resultant assemblies were primarily composed of HA and cationic chitosan oligosaccharide/dextran (COS/Dex) nanogels, and had controllable structure while also exhibiting biological functionality...

Dynamic covalent bonds are established upon molecular recognition of sugar derivatives by boronic acid molecules. These reversible links can be used in a cross-linking method to fabricate polymer-based responsive nanosystems. Herein, the design of the first dynamic nanogels made entirely of polysaccharides (PS) is reported. Based on PS chains alternately modified with phenyl boronic acid groups and sugar moieties, these colloids self-assemble in physiological conditions and combine the biocompatible nature of their PS backbone with the reconfiguration capacities of their cross-linking chemistry...

This study describes the development of a novel biocompatible nanogel/hydrogel nanocomposite system for long-term delivery of bioactive molecules. To this aim, the nanogels were synthesized via radical polymerization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). The nanogels were introduced during the formation of a hydrogel network to produce nanogel/hydrogel soft nanocomposites, while the biocompatible hydrogel was based on poly (acrylic acid) grafted onto κ-carrageenan polysaccharide with entrapped magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as crosslinker...

The development of a polymer-nanogel hydrogel based on a pair of polysaccharides is reported for the first time. This new hydrogel exhibits self-healing properties due to physical interactions between soluble pectin chains and chitosan nanogels. The nanogels act as crosslinking agents between pectin chains, leading to the formation of thermos-responsive hydrogel. Due to the dynamic interactions between the chains and the nanogels, the formed network dissociate under applied shear, allowing the hydrogel to flow...

Polysaccharide-based nanogels have drawn considerable interest in pharmaceutics because of their superior biocompatibility and potential responsiveness to external stimuli, enabling specific drug release. During the fabrication of nanogels, however, covalent cross-linking often involves less friendly cross-linkers and traditionally employed noncovalent cross-linking often relies on weak interactions that may lead to premature payload release. Herein, we report host-guest chemistry-driven supramolecular chitosan nanogels (CNGs) that are responsive to either endogenous or exogenous stimuli, thus allowing selective drug release in specific cancer cells or disease sites...

The rapid advancement in medicine requires the search for new drugs, but also for new carrier systems for more efficient and targeted delivery of the bioactive molecules. Among the latter, polymeric nanocarriers have an increasingly growing potential for clinical applications due to their unique physical and chemical characteristics. In this regard, nanosystems based on hyaluronic acid (HA), a polysaccharide which is ubiquitous in the body, have attracted particular interest because of the biocompatibility, biodegradability and nonimmunogenic property provided by HA...

We use small angle neutron scattering (SANS) to characterize the internal morphology of nanoparticles (NPs) formed by the complexation between chondroitin sulfate (CS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and subsequent stabilization by thermal treatment. We demonstrate that SANS can quantify the internal rearrangements and protein morphology alterations upon thermal treatment and solution conditions variations. A three-level Guinier/power-law hierarchical model identifies BSA globules, interconnected clusters of globules and higher aggregates...

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are important components of the extracellular matrix that have attracted great interest for drug delivery and pharmaceutical applications due to their diverse biological functions. Among GAGs, heparosan (Hep), a biosynthetic precursor of heparin, has recently emerged as a promising building block for the design of nanoparticles with stealth properties. Though this non-sulfated polysaccharide has a chemical structure very close to that of hyaluronic acid (HA), it distinguishes from HA in that it is biologically inert in the extracellular spaces in the body...

Protein-polysaccharide complexes can be created in various ways (physical mixing, enzymatic crosslinking, chemical crosslinking and Maillard reaction), and diverse protein-polysaccharide complexes are generally grouped into non-covalent and covalent ones. Delivery systems constructed through assembly of protein-polysaccharide complexes (DSAPC) consist of emulsion-based delivery systems, capsule-based delivery systems, molecular complexes, nanogels, core-shell particles, composite nanoparticles as well as micelles...

Pancreatic islet transplantation has emerged as a promising treatment for type-1 diabetes (T1D); however, its clinical application is still limited by the life-long use of immunosuppressive drugs, insufficient number of islets to achieve normoglycemia, and large transplantation volume. This paper reports a unique approach for nanothin coating of insulin secreting beta cell aggregates. The coating is based on hydrophobic and covalent interactions between natural acrylate modified cholesterol bearing pullulan (CHPOA) nanogels and MIN6 beta cell aggregates...