Water electrolyte

The inclination toward natural products has led to the onset of the discovery of new bioactive metabolites that could be targeted for specific therapeutic or agronomic applications. Despite increasing knowledge coming to light of plant-derived materials as leads for new herbicides, relatively little is known about the mode of action on herbicide-resistant weeds. Cyanamide (CA) is a naturally occurring herbicide synthesized by hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.). However, it has not been experimentally verified whether CA suppresses target plants via sustained discharge at low concentrations, as is often the case with most plant-derived materials...

The new-generation flexible Zn-ion capacitors (ZICs) require multifunctionality and environmental adaptability for practical applications. This essentially means that hydrogel electrolytes are expected to possess superior mechanical properties, temperature resistance, and tunable interface properties to resist flexibility loss and performance degradation over a wide operating temperatures range. Herein, a multifunctional polyzwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte (PAM/LA/PSBMA) with wide operating temperatures, excellent tensile ability, high water retention, and self-adhesion is designed...

Realizing room-temperature, efficient, and reversible fluoride-ion redox is critical to commercializing the fluoride-ion battery, a promising post-lithium-ion battery technology. However, this is challenging due to the absence of usable electrolytes, which usually suffer from insufficient ionic conductivity and poor (electro)chemical stability. Herein we report a water-in-salt (WIS) electrolyte based on the tetramethylammonium fluoride salt, an organic salt consisting of hydrophobic cations and hydrophilic anions...

The present study investigated the impact of plasma-activated water (PAW), slightly acidic electrolytic water (SAEW) and plasma-activated slightly acidic electrolytic water (PASW) treatment on myofibrillar protein (MP) in salmon fillets. Additionally, the interaction mechanism between myosin and reactive oxygen species was explored by molecular docking. Compared with the control group (719.26 nm), PASW treatment group exhibited the smallest particle size (408.97 nm). The PASW treatment exhibited efficacy in reducing MP aggregation and inhibiting protein oxidation...

The anodic oxygen evolution reaction is a well-acknowledged side reaction in traditional aqueous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) systems due to the generation and surface aggregation of oxygen at the electrode, which detrimentally impacts the stability and efficiency of ECL emission. However, the effect of reactive oxygen species generated during water oxidation on ECL luminophores has been largely overlooked. Taking the typical luminol emitter as an example, herein, we employed NiIr single-atom alloy aerogels possessing efficient water oxidation activity as a prototype co-reaction accelerator to elucidate the relationship between ECL behavior and water oxidation reaction kinetics for the first time...

Herein, an ion-exchange strategy is utilized to greatly improve the kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by Ru-modified CoNi- 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC)-metal organic framework nanosheets (Ru@CoNi-MOF). Due to the higher Ni active sites and lower electron transfer impedance, Ru@CoNi-MOF catalyst requires the overpotential as low as 47 and 279 mV, at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 toward HER and OER, respectively. Significantly, the mass activity of Ru@CoNi-MOF for HER and OER are 25...

The rational design of a heterostructure electrocatalyst is an attractive strategy to produce hydrogen energy by electrochemical water splitting. Herein, we have constructed hierarchically structured architectures by immobilizing nickel-cobalt oxide nanowires on/beneath the surface of reduced graphene aerogels (NiCoO2 /rGAs) through solvent-thermal and activation treatments. The morphological structure of NiCoO2 /rGAs was characterized by microscopic analysis, and the porous structure not only accelerates the electrolyte ion diffusion but also prevents the agglomeration of NiCoO2 nanowires, which is favorable to expose the large surface area and active sites...

It is imperative to develop an efficient catalyst to reduce the energy barrier of electrochemical water decomposition. In this study, a well-designed electrocatalyst featuring a core-shell structure was synthesized with cobalt sulfides as the core and molybdenum disulfide nanosheets as the shell. The core-shell structure can prevent the agglomeration of MoS2 , expose more active sites, and facilitate electrolyte ion diffusion. A CoS2 /MoS2 heterostructure is formed between CoS2 and MoS2 through the chemical interaction, and the surface chemistry is adjusted...

Monitoring plasma concentrations of β-lactam antibiotics is crucial, particularly in critically ill patients, where variations in concentrations can lead to treatment failure or adverse events. Standardized antimicrobial regimens may not be effective for all patients, especially in special groups with altered physiological parameters. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) studies highlight the time-dependent antibacterial activity of these antibiotics, emphasizing the need for personalized dosing. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is essential, requiring rapid and accurate analytical methods for precise determination of drugs in biological material (typically plasma or serum)...

This paper describes an electrochemical sensor based on a Cu-modified boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode for the detection of nitrate-contaminated water. The sensor utilizes the catalytic effect of copper on nitrate and the stability of the BDD electrode. By optimizing the electrolyte system, the linear detection range was expanded, allowing the sensor to detect highly concentrated nitrate samples up to 100 mg/L with a low detection limit of 0.065 mg/L. Additionally, the stability of the sensor was improved...

Plants are often exposed to multiple stresses, including heavy metals (HM) and drought, which limit the plant growth and productivity. Though biochar or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been widely used for alleviating HM or drought stress in plants, the study of the effects of combined treatment with biochar and PGPR under simultaneous HM and drought stress is limited. This study investigated individual and combined effects of groundnut shell biochar (GS-BC) and PGPR Bacillus pseudomycoides strain ARN7 on Zea mays growth, physiology, and HM accumulation, along with their impact on soil enzymes under HM (Ni and Zn), drought, or HM+drought stress...

The application of natural polymer-based coatings presents a viable approach to prolong the longevity of fruits and tissue damage. This study investigates the impact of treatments involving glycine betaine (GB), chitosan (CTS), and chitosan-coated glycine betaine nanoparticles (CTS-GB NPs) on preserving the quality and reducing decay in strawberry fruits. The fruits were subjected to treatments with GB (1 mM), CTS (0.1%), CTS-GB NPs (0.1%), or distilled water at 20 °C for 5 min, followed by storage at 4 °C for 12 days...

Electrosynthesis of H2 O2 via both pathways of anodic two-electron water oxidation reaction (2e-WOR) and cathodic two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e-ORR) in a diaphragm-free bath can not only improve the generation rate and Faraday efficiency (FE), but also simplify the structure of the electrolysis bath and reduce the energy consumption. The factors that may affect the efficiency of H2 O2 generation in coupled electrolytic systems have been systematically investigated. A piece of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode was used as the anode, and in this study, its catalytic performance for 2e-WOR in Na2 CO3 /NaHCO3 and NaOH solutions was compared...

Organic electrosynthesis in aqueous media is presently hampered by the poor solubility of many organic reactants and thus low purity of liquid products in electrolytes. Using the electrooxidation of benzyl alcohol (BA) as a model reaction, we present a "sandwich-type" organic-solid-water (OSW) system, consisting of BA organic phase, KOH aqueous electrolyte, and porous anodes with Janus-like superwettability. The system allows independent diffusion of BA molecules from the organic phase to electrocatalytic active sites, enabling efficient electrooxidation of high-concentration BA to benzaldehyde (97% Faradaic efficiency at ~180 mA cm-2 ) with substantially reduced ohmic loss compared to conventional solid-liquid systems...

BACKGROUND: The fluid balance is a critical parameter in intensive care units (ICU) as it provides information about the patient's volume status. However, the accuracy of fluid balance measurements is often compromised due to the complexity and repetition of actions involved. Additionally, the fluid balance could be recalculated for insensible fluid loss. Weighing is an alternative method to estimate the patient's volume status. Built-in scales in beds make patient weighing easier and less time-consuming, allowing clinicians to intervene more quickly on existing treatments...

We present the development of a platform of well-defined, dynamic covalent amphiphilic polymer conetworks (APCN) based on an α,ω-dibenzaldehyde end-functionalized linear amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)- b -poly(propylene glycol)- b -poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG- b -PPG- b -PEG, Pluronic) copolymer end-linked with a triacylhydrazide oligo(ethylene glycol) triarmed star cross-linker. The developed APCNs were characterized in terms of their rheological (increase in the storage modulus by a factor of 2 with increase in temperature from 10 to 50 °C), self-healing, self-assembling, and mechanical properties and evaluated as a matrix for gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) in both the stretched and unstretched states...

Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices...

For the practical application of fuel cells in vehicles, it is a challenge to develop a proton solid electrolyte that coexhibits thermal stability and high proton conductivity at wide intermediate temperatures. Here, we report on the tunnel structured phosphate KNi1- x H2 x (PO3 )3 ·y H2 O, which exhibits high proton conductivity at room temperature up to 500 °C, with the conductivity value reaching 1.7 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 275 °C for x = 0.18. This material, composed of the smallest cations that form the tunnel framework with face-shared (KO6 ) and (NiO6 ) chains and PO4 tetrahedral chains, retained the rigid framework up to 600 °C...

There are several challenging problems such as the usage of combustible and hazardous hydrogen sources and severe environmental pollution in the conventional reduction of aldehydes/ketones to alcohols. We report here a practical, safe, and green electrochemical reduction, which solves these problems to a large extent. Through an undivided cell, Zn(+) and Sn(-) as the electrode, tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) as the electrolyte, water as the solvent and hydrogen source, a wide range of aldehydes and ketones are converted into the corresponding alcohols in mild conditions...

The water oxidation half-reaction at anodes is always considered the rate-limiting step of overall water splitting (OWS), but the actual bias distribution between photoanodes and cathodes of photoelectrochemical (PEC) OWS cells has not been investigated systematically. In this work, we find that, for PEC cells consisting of photoanodes (nickel-modified n -Si [Ni/ n -Si] and α-Fe2 O3 ) with low photovoltage ( V ph < 1 V), a large portion of applied bias is exerted on the Pt cathode for satisfying the hydrogen evolution thermodynamics, showing a thermodynamics-controlled characteristic...