Intravenous antibiotics for urinary tract infections in children with neurologic impairment.

BACKGROUND: Children with high-intensity neurologic impairment (HINI) have an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) and prolonged intravenous (IV) antibiotic exposure.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between short (≤3 days) and long (>3 days) IV antibiotic courses and UTI treatment failure in hospitalized children with HINI.

METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study examining UTI hospitalizations at 49 hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System from 2016 to 2021 for children (1-18 years) with HINI. The primary outcome was UTI readmission within 30 days. Our secondary outcome was the association of hospital-level variation in short IV antibiotic course use with readmission. Readmission rates were compared between short and long courses using multivariable regression.

RESULTS: Of 5612 hospitalizations, 3840 (68.4%) had short IV antibiotic courses. In our adjusted model, children with short IV courses were less likely than with long courses to have a 30-day UTI readmission (4.0%, 95% CI [3.6%, 4.5%] vs. 6.3%, 95% CI [5.1%, 7.8%]). Despite marked hospital-level variation in short IV course use (50.0%-87.5% of hospitalizations), there was no correlation with readmissions.

CONCLUSIONS: Children with HINI hospitalized with UTI had low UTI readmission rates, but those who received long IV antibiotic courses were more likely to experience UTI readmission versus those receiving short courses. While residual confounding may influence our results, we did not find that short IV courses impacted readmission at the hospital level despite variation in use across institutions. Long IV antibiotic courses are associated with risks and may not confer benefit in this population.