Should we operate on patients with acute type a aortic dissection who present with cardiopulmonary resuscitation?

OBJECTIVES: Acute aortic dissection type A (AADA) is a life-threatening medical emergency. Emergent surgical repair is the gold standard but mortality remains high. Mortality is even higher in patients who arrive at the hospital in poor condition, especially after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study was designed to analyze the outcome of patients who underwent surgery for AADA and who require preoperative CPR.

METHODS: Between 2000 and 2023, 810 patients underwent emergent surgery for AADA at our center. Of these, 63 had preoperative CPR. We performed a retrospective analysis with follow-up.

RESULTS: Mean age was 64 ± 13 years and 37 (59%) patients were male. Further, 50 (79%) patients had preoperative intubation, and 54 (86%) had pericardial effusion. 24 (38%) patients had out-of-hospital CPR, 19 (30%) required CPR in hospital, and 20 (32%) needed CPR in the operating room. Successful CPR with return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 41 (65%) patients, and 22 (35%) underwent emergent surgery under ongoing CPR. The median time of CPR was 10 (IQR 12) min, and the median time from onset of symptoms to start of the operation was 5.5 (IQR 4.8) h. The majority of patients underwent ascending aortic replacement with hemiarch repair (n = 37, 59%). Further, 26 (41%) patients underwent full root replacement. Another 15 (24%) patients underwent total arch repair with or without (frozen) elephant trunk repair. Postoperative stroke was present in 8 (13%) patients. The 30-day mortality was 29 (46%). The 30-day mortality of patients with preoperative intubation was not significantly higher (n = 15/28, 54%, p = 0.446). The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates of the entire group were 42%, 39%, and 36%.

CONCLUSIONS: Early mortality for patients undergoing surgery for AADA with preoperative CPR is extremely high (almost 50%). However, this means that also approx. 50% of patients benefit from surgery despite poor preoperative prognosis. Patients with preoperative intubation after CPR and unknown neurological condition should also undergo surgery. Patients who survive the initial operation for AADA have acceptable long-term survival. Emergent surgery should be offered for all patients with AADA regardless of the preoperative condition, even after CPR.