Circadian Rhythm Alteration of the Core Clock Genes and the Lipid Metabolism Genes Induced by High-Fat Diet (HFD) in the Liver Tissue of the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle ( Trionyx sinensis ).

Physiology disorders of the liver, as it is an important tissue in lipid metabolism, can cause fatty liver disease. The mechanism might be regulated by 17 circadian clock genes and 18 fat metabolism genes, together with a high-fat diet (HFD). Due to their rich nutritional and medicinal value, Chinese soft-shelled turtles ( Trionyx sinensis ) are very popular among the Chinese people. In the study, we aimed to investigate the influence of an HFD on the daily expression of both the core clock genes and the lipid metabolism genes in the liver tissue of the turtles. The two diets were formulated with 7.98% lipid (the CON group) and 13.86% lipid (the HFD group) to feed 180 juvenile turtles, which were randomly divided into two groups with three replicates per group and 30 turtles in each replicate for six weeks, and the diet experiment was administrated with a photophase regimen of a 24 h light/dark (12L:12D) cycle. At the end of the experiment, the liver tissue samples were collected from nine turtles per group every 3 h (zeitgeber time: ZT 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24) for 24 h to investigate the daily expression and correlation analysis of these genes. The results showed that 11 core clock genes [i.e., circadian locomotor output cycles kaput ( Clock ), brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1 and 2 ( Bmal 1/2), timeless ( Tim) , cryptochrome 1 ( Cry 2), period2 ( Per 2), nuclear factor IL-3 gene ( Nfil 3), nuclear receptor subfamily 1, treatment D, member 1 and 2 ( Nr1d 1/2) and retinoic acid related orphan receptor α/β/γ β and γ ( Rorβ / γ )] exhibited circadian oscillation, but 6 genes did not, including neuronal PAS domain protein 2 ( Npas 2), Per 1, Cry 1, basic helix-loop-helix family, member E40 ( Bhlhe 40), Rorα and D-binding protein ( Dbp ), and 16 lipid metabolism genes including fatty acid synthase ( Fas ), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 ( Dgat 1), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase ( Hmgcr ), Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1-like ( Ldlr 1), Lipin 1 ( Lipin 1), Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A ( Cpt 1a), Peroxisome proliferator activation receptor α, β and γ ( Pparα / β / γ ), Sirtuin 1 ( Sirt 1), Apoa ( Apoa 1), Apolipoprotein B ( Apob ), Pyruvate Dehydrogenase kinase 4 ( Pdk 4), Acyl-CoA synthase long-chain1 ( Acsl 1), Liver X receptors α ( Lxrα ) and Retinoid X receptor, α ( Rxra ) also demonstrated circadian oscillations, but 2 genes did not, Scd and Acaca, in the liver tissues of the CON group. However, in the HFD group, the circadian rhythms' expressional patterns were disrupted for the eight core clock genes, Clock , Cry 2, Per 2, Nfil 3, Nr 1 d 1/2 and Rorβ / γ , and the peak expression of Bmal 1/2 and Tim showed delayed or advanced phases. Furthermore, four genes ( Cry 1, Per 1, Dbp and Rorα ) displayed no diurnal rhythm in the CON group; instead, significant circadian rhythms appeared in the HFD group. Meanwhile, the HFD disrupted the circadian rhythm expressions of seven fat metabolism genes ( Fas , Cpt 1a, Sirt 1, Apoa 1, Apob , Pdk 4 and Acsl 1). Meanwhile, the other nine genes in the HFD group also showed advanced or delayed expression peaks compared to the CON group. Most importantly of all, there were remarkably positive or negative correlations between the core clock genes and the lipid metabolism genes, and their correlation relationships were altered by the HFD. To sum up, circadian rhythm alterations of the core clock genes and the lipid metabolism genes were induced by the high-fat diet (HFD) in the liver tissues of T. sinensis . This result provides experimental and theoretical data for the mass breeding and production of T. sinensis in our country.