Thermoactivated cement from construction and demolition waste for pavement base stabilization: A case study in Brazil.

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) worldwide generation accounts 10 billion tonnes yearly. The major fraction is landfilled requiring innovative recycling methods to reduce the associated environmental impacts and to increase its circularity. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of using different CDW fines to develop recycled cements and optimized the content of CDW recycled cements with well-graded crushed stone (WGCS) for use as pavement base layer. We scaled up the study obtaining CDW cement and aggregates from a local recycling plant, as well as pilot pavement sections designed, constructed and field deflections measured. As results, the CDW cement pastes exhibited accumulated heat values of up to 111 J g-1 and achieved a compressive strength of approximately 16 MPa. The unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus (RM) achieved using CDW cement and WGCS were 2-3 and >3000 MPa, respectively. The sections constructed using CDW cement exhibited intermediate behaviour compared to those obtained using reference materials (6% Portland cement-WGCS and a conventional granular base made using WGCS). The deflection decreased over time owing to the pozzolanic reaction.