Recovering the status quo: Tipping points and earthquake aftermaths in colonial India.

Scholars debate how far natural hazards cause or catalyse political change. This article builds on recent scholarship on tipping points and social contracts to argue that two case studies of historical earthquakes in 1930s British-colonized India invite a focus on the dynamics of cooperation and conflict between state and non-state actors. Officials of the colonial state and its nationalist rivals cooperated after one earthquake even though they otherwise bitterly opposed each other. Cooperation broke down after the second, just one year later. Yet in both cases, officials and nationalist leaders shared a broad vision for Indian society, which pushed both sides to actively seek to recover the social and economic status quo ante, preventing potential tipping points from crystallising. These case studies reveal how and why highly fraught social contracts can survive major disasters. The colonial state's transient and reactive approach to disaster governance continued to impact on post-independence India.