Managing Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Based Approach and Contemporary Review.

Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) often have concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can make initiating and titrating the 4 standard pharmacologic therapies a challenge. Drug dosing is often based on a calculation of the patient's creatine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), but it should also incorporate the trend in their renal function over time and the risk of toxicity of the drug. The presence of CKD in a patient should not preclude the use of a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, although patients should be monitored frequently for worsening renal function and hyperkalemia. Sacubitril/valsartan is not recommended in patients with an eGFR < 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 . Of the 3 ß-blockers recommended in the management of HFrEF, only bisoprolol may accumulate in patients with renal impairment; however, patients should still be titrated to the target dose (10 mg daily) or the maximally tolerated dose, depending on their clinical response. The sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are effective at reducing adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with HFrEF and CKD (eGFR ≥ 25 mL/min per 1.73 m2 with dapagliflozin or ≥ 20 mL/min per 1.73 m2 with empagliflozin), although declining kidney function is a risk, due to the osmotic diuretic effect. Finally, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy should be considered in all patients with HFrEF and an eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2 . The starting dose should be low (eg, 6.25-12.5 mg daily or 12.5 mg every other day) and can be uptitrated based on the patient's renal function and serum potassium.