Psychotropic

For millennia, healing and psychoactive plants have been part of the medicinal and ceremonial fabric of elaborate rituals and everyday religious practices throughout Mesoamerica. Despite the essential nature of these ritual practices to the societal framework of past cultures, a clear understanding of the ceremonial life of the ancient Maya remains stubbornly elusive. Here we record the discovery of a special ritual deposit, likely wrapped in a bundle, located beneath the end field of a Late Preclassic ballcourt in the Helena complex of the Maya city of Yaxnohcah...

Objectives: Risperidone is commonly prescribed off-label in children and adolescents to manage disruptive behavior. This study aimed to investigate continued benefits of risperidone after at least 1 year of treatment and effects of discontinuation on physical health. Methods: Thirty-five youths (aged 6-18 years, intelligence quotient [IQ] >70) who were treated with risperidone for at least 1 year in regular clinical practice receiving outpatient care were randomly assigned to double-blind continuation of risperidone during 16 weeks or continuation for 2 weeks, gradual dose lowering over 6 weeks, and placebo for 8 weeks...

Introduction: Neuroinflammatory processes have been extensively implicated in the underlying neurobiology of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), an indicator of nonspecific inflammation commonly utilized in clinical practice, has been associated with depression in adults. In adolescents, our group previously found CRP to be associated with altered neural reward function but not with mood and anxiety symptoms assessed cross-sectionally. We hypothesized that the distinct CRP findings in adolescent versus adult depression may be due to chronicity, with neuroinflammatory effects on psychiatric disorders gradually accumulating over time...

BACKGROUND: The benefits of sport in mental health have been broadly studied. However, few studies have examined these outcomes in high-performance athletes. We aimed to analyze the state of the mental health of the Villarreal Soccer Club's first- (FD) and second-division (SD) players and the possible mediating effects of sex and professional category. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with an initial sample of 108 soccer players (final sample n = 54). Data from MINI, HARS, HDRS, BARRAT-11 and SCSRQ questionnaires were analyzed...

Psychotropic drugs (PDs) include anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics, and they are available as medicines with different safety profiles. Given Portugal's high anxiolytic consumption and the rising prevalence of mental disorders, safety monitoring is crucial. This study aimed to analyze the individual case safety reports (ICSR) of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to PDs, obtained through spontaneous reporting, and recorded in the Portuguese National Pharmacovigilance System between January 2017 and December 2021...

Bipolar disorder is associated with increased rates of many physical disorders, but the effects of medication are unclear. We systematically investigated the associations between sustained use of first line maintenance agents, lithium versus lamotrigine and valproate, and the risk of physical disorders using a nation-wide population-based target trial emulation covering the entire 5.9 million inhabitants in Denmark. We identified two cohorts. Cohort 1: patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder prior to first purchase (N = 12...

Research has found that psychedelic use is associated with positive behavioral changes, however research has yet to explore the relationship between socio-cultural conditions on this relationship. This paper intends to fill this gap by testing the effects of religious participation and beliefs on the relationship between psychedelic use and behaviors. This study examines the relationship between Lifetime Classic Psychedelic Use (LCPU), different aspects of religion (such as salience and attendance), and the likelihood of committing a violent assault...

Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) represent a broad class of drugs new to the illicit market that often allow passing drug-screening tests. They are characterized by a variety of structures, rapid transience on the drug scene and mostly unknown metabolic profiles, thus creating an ever-changing scenario with evolving analytical targets. The present study aims at developing an indirect screening strategy for NPS monitoring, and specifically for new synthetic opioids (NSOs), based on assessing changes in endogenous urinary metabolite levels as a consequence of the systemic response following their intake...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often persist after acute disease resolution. Underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. The objective of this original article was to longitudinally measure plasma levels of markers of the innate immune response to investigate whether they associate with and predict post-COVID symptomatology. METHODS: Adult patients with previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during the first pandemic wave who underwent the 6-month multidisciplinary follow-up were included...

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric symptomatology and medications used in their treatment may be modifiable risk factors associated with cognitive function, although findings from population-based studies spanning the full adult age range are lacking. This study aimed to investigate associations between psychiatric symptomatology, psychotropic medication use and cognitive function in a population-based sample of men. METHODS: Data for 537 men were drawn from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study...

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Clozapine is the only approved antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Although a large body of evidence supports its efficacy and favorable risk-benefit ratio in individuals who have failed two or more antipsychotics, clozapine remains underused. However, variations in clozapine utilization across geographic and clinical settings suggest that it could be possible to improve its use. In this narrative review and expert opinion, we summarized information available in the literature on the mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and potential adverse events of clozapine...

BACKGROUND: Even among minors, the use of psychotropic substances is widespread in Europe. Data on the use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis are regularly reported in Germany, but data on problematic use are lacking. In the present study, established screening instruments were used to investigate the prevalence of problematic use of cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis among children and adolescents. METHODS: A survey that was designed to be representative was conducted across Germany in a sample of 4001 persons aged 12-17...

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and correlates of eating disorder symptoms in adolescents with bipolar I disorder (BP I). Methods: We retrospectively collected a DSM-IV-TR -based diagnostic assessment of 179 adolescents with BP I and evaluated clinical variables in those with and without eating disorder symptoms. For comparison, we retrospectively evaluated eating disorder symptoms in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Results: Thirty-six percent of adolescents with BP I experienced lifetime eating disorder symptoms; among comorbid adolescents, 74% reported eating disorder cognitions and 40% reported symptoms related to bingeing, 25% purging, and 17% restricting...

Despite policy emphasis on early identification, many children with Autism are diagnosed late, with some being diagnosed as late as adolescence. The objective of this study was to examine the demographics and clinical characteristics of school-age children and adolescents initially diagnosed with Autism age 7 and older, in an urban, university-affiliated multidisciplinary center that evaluates/treats youth with developmental disabilities. A chart review of all school-age children and adolescents referred for evaluation to determine if the child has developmental disabilities from January 2019 to May 2023 was performed...

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is characterized by complex and dynamic changes, often involving experimentation, including the use of psychotropic substances. Although it is well-established that recreational psychotropic drugs are associated with suicide ideation in adults, evidence of this association in adolescents remains limited. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between suicide ideation and psychotropic recreational drug use among adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review with meta-analysis developed at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) and Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil...

Due to legal, political, and cultural changes, the use of cannabis has rapidly increased in recent years. Research has demonstrated that the cannabinoids cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibit and induce cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. The objective of this review is to evaluate the effect of CBD and THC on the activity of CYP450 enzymes and the implications for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with psychotropic agents that are CYP substrates. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and PsychINFO...

This systematic review evaluates the scientific literature on pediatric periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), adhering to PRISMA guidelines and utilizing PICOS criteria. The search across PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus yielded 331 articles, with 17 meeting inclusion criteria. Diagnostic criteria evolved, with polysomnography and PLMS index ≥5 required since 2003. Also, PLMD diagnosis mandates clinical consequences like insomnia, hypersomnia, and fatigue, excluding comorbidities causing sleep disruption...

IMPORTANCE: Numerous studies have provided evidence for the negative associations of the COVID-19 pandemic with mental health, but data on the use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the rates and trends of psychotropic medication prescribing before and over the 2 years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents in France. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional study used nationwide interrupted time-series analysis of outpatient drug dispensing data from the IQVIA X-ponent database...

Cannabidiol (CBD), the main non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid produced by the Cannabis sativa plant, blocks a variety of cardiac ion channels. We aimed to identify whether CBD regulated the cardiac pacemaker channel or the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (HCN4). HCN4 channels are important for the generation of the action potential in the sinoatrial node of the heart and increased heart rate in response to β-adrenergic stimulation. HCN4 channels were expressed in HEK 293T cells, and the effect of CBD application was examined using a whole-cell patch clamp...