obesity insulin

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly associated with obesity, a significant risk factor for the occurrence and progression of chronic kidney disease. In recent years, weight loss surgery has become an important treatment option for diabetes. This study examined whether Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, a new metabolic bariatric surgery approach, can effectively reduce the risk of long-term renal impairment in individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In a cohort study, 60 individuals suffering from both obesity and type 2 diabetes were stratified and randomly divided into 2 groups based on gender and weight...

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is defined as the combination of excess fat mass (obesity) and low skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). The identification and classification of factors related to SO would favor better prevention and diagnosis. The present article aimed to (i) define a list of factors related with SO based on literature analysis, (ii) identify clinical conditions linked with SO development from literature search and (iii) evaluate their relevance and the potential research gaps by consulting an expert panel...

BACKGROUND: Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that estrogen receptor agonist G-1 regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. This study focused on the effects of G-1 on cardiometabolic syndrome and anti-obesity under a high fat diet (HFD). METHODS: Bilateral ovariectomized female mice were fed an HFD for 6 weeks, and treated them with G-1. A cardiomyocyte insulin resistance model was used to simulate the in vivo environment. The main outcome measures were blood glucose, body weight, and serum insulin levels to assess insulin resistance, while cardiac function and degree of fibrosis were assessed by cardiac ultrasound and pathological observations...

Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol-derived compounds that regulate glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. Despite their significance in glucose homeostasis, the association between specific BA molecular species and their synthetic pathways with diabetes mellitus (DM) is unclear. Here, we used a recently validated stable-isotope dilution highperformance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify a panel of BAs in fasting plasma from subjects (n=2,145) and explored structural and genetic determinants of BAs linked to DM, insulin resistance and obesity...

BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Lifestyle intervention remains a preferred treatment modality for NAFLD. The glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have been developed as new glucose-lowering drugs, which can improve fatty liver via an insulin-independent glucose-lowering effect. However, studies exploring the efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists combined with SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with NAFLD and T2DM are scanty...

Nutritional status disorders have the most significant impact on the development of cardiovascular and oncologic diseases; therefore, the interest in the study of palm oil as among the leading components of nutrition has been increasing. The data examined in this review were sourced from the Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed and PubMed Central, MEDLINE, CAPlus/SciFinder, and Embase databases; experts in the field; bibliographies; and abstracts from review analyses from the past 15 years. This review summarizes recent research data focusing on the quantitative and qualitative composition of nutrition of modern humans; concepts of the relationship between high-fat diets and disorders of insulin functioning and transport and metabolism of fatty acids; analyses of data regarding the palmitic acid (16:0) to oleic acid (18:1) ratio; and the effect of diet based on palm oil consumption on cardiovascular risk factors and lipid and lipoprotein levels...

AIM: To examine the effects of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) pioglitazone on reducing ketone bodies in non-obese patients with T2DM treated with the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor canagliflozin. METHODS: Crossover trials with two periods, each treatment period lasting 4 weeks, with a 4-week washout period, were conducted. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive pioglitazone combined with canagliflozin (PIOG + CANA group) versus canagliflozin monotherapy (CANA group)...

AIM: To investigate the effects of adenosine kinase (ADK), a key enzyme in determining intracellular adenosine levels, on β cells, and their underlying mechanism. METHODS: Genetic animal models and transgenic immortalized cells were applied to study the effect of ADK on islet beta-cell proliferation and function. The beta-cell mass and response to glucose were measured in vivo using mice with beta-cell-specific ADK overexpression, and in vitro using ADK-overexpressed immortalized beta-cell...

BACKGROUND: To observe the basic metabolic characteristics of obese patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and observe and compare the effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and metformin treatment after 3 months. METHODS: In January to December 2018, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University selected 104 women who were classified as obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 28 kg/cm2 or higher and had PCOS. They were divided into obese PCOS group (53 cases) and obese non-PCOS group (51 cases)...

BACKGROUND: Several genetic and metabolic variables, most notably the variation in the adipokine gene rs1501298, have been linked to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease etiopathogenesis (MAFLD). Liver biopsy, the gold standard for diagnosing MAFLD, is an invasive procedure; therefore, alternative diagnostic methods are required. Consequently, the integration of these metabolic variables with some of the patients' characteristics may facilitate the development of noninvasive diagnostic methods that aid in the early detection of MAFLD, identification of at-risk individuals and planning of management strategies...

BACKGROUND: The COBLL1 gene has been implicated in human central obesity, fasting insulin levels, type 2 diabetes, and blood lipid profiles. However, its molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored. METHODS: In this study, we established cobll1a mutant lines using the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout technique. To further dissect the molecular underpinnings of cobll1a during early development, transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis was employed...

OBJECTIVES: Obese patients are at increased risk for CVD, which is the main cause of premature death and has been a major cause of disability and ill health in recent years. PTN, a natural dihydrochalcone flavonoid, has a variety of pharmacological characteristics. This article aimed to prepare PTN-NSLs to evaluate their anti-obesity activity. METHODS: Morphology, Particle size, zeta potential, UV-vis, entrapment efficiency, FT-IR spectra, and an in vitro release study of PTN-NSLs were described...

AIM: To evaluate gastric emptying (GE) and the glycaemic response to a 75-g oral glucose load in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve Han Chinese with type 2 diabetes (T2D) before insulin pump therapy, after 4 weeks of insulin pump therapy, and 12-15 months after insulin pump therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty participants with T2D (baseline glycated haemoglobin [± SD] 10.7% [± 1.2%] 93 [± 10] mmol/mol) ingested a 75-g glucose drink containing 150 mg 13 C-acetate, to determine the gastric half-emptying time, and underwent assessment of plasma glucose and serum insulin, C-peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) over 180 min before and after 4 weeks of insulin pump therapy (discontinued for 48 h before re-assessment)...

Lipid metabolism hinges on a balance between lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Disruptions in this balance can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) and contribute to metabolic diseases. The UPR protein, Luman or CREB3, has recently been implicated in metabolic regulation-CREB3 knockout mice exhibit resistance to diet-induced obesity and altered insulin sensitivity. Here, we show that CREB3 activated PPARGC1A transcription from a 1 kb promoter region...

Disentangling which of insulin hypersecretion and insulin resistance is upstream in obesity-related type 2 diabetes (T2D) is challenging. Here, we consider the dynamics of insulin secretion and action in the fetuses of mothers with diabetes. We argue that fetal insulin hypersecretion occurs first, with insulin resistance being an adaptive protective response.

AIM: Bariatric surgery is an effective tool for weight loss and for improving weight related co-morbidities. Changes in medication usage after a silastic ring laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (SR-LRYGB) compared with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) are unknown. METHODS: This was a single-centre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Patients were randomised to either SR-LRYGB or LSG. A medication history was obtained at regular follow-up intervals, and mean numbers of prescribed medications were analysed over 5 years...

BACKGROUND: Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder with increasing incidence and prevalence worldwide. Abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation are two significant characteristics of hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study was to explore the role and mechanism of F-box only protein 28 (FBXO28) in hyperlipidemia. METHODS: Mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) to elicit obesity, and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stimulated with MDI cocktail (IBMX, DEX and insulin) to evoke differentiation...

Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The morbidity and mortality associated with this constellation of risk factors are equally alarming when considering the economic and global significance that this epidemic has on an institutional and patient level. Despite several current treatments available, there needs to be a continuous effort to explore more specific and effective druggable entities for preventative and therapeutic interventions. Within this context, the G-protein coupled receptor, GPR75, is an attractive pharmacological target...

BACKGROUND: Cell aging is associated with changes in telomeres due to DNA damage arising from chronic inflammation in obese patients. The aim of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to find the relationship between obesity and aging or senescence. METHODS: The systematic review was conducted through PRISMA guideline, beginning with literature search within 2012-2022 in several databases (PubMed, EBSCOHost, Science Direct, Scopus, and Cochrane) followed by screening process using predetermined PICO criteria...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent gynecological endocrine conditions affecting reproductive women. It can feature a variety of symptoms, such as obesity, insulin resistance, skin conditions, and infertility. Women with PCOS are susceptible to illnesses including mood disorders, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Among them, depression is the most common in PCOS and has a detrimental effect on quality of life. Depression may occasionally develop due to the pathological traits of PCOS, but its exact pathogenesis in PCOS have eluded researchers to date...