Epidemics

BACKGROUND: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is implicated in severe diarrhea in calves and contributes to the bovine respiratory disease complex; it shares a close relationship with human coronavirus. Similar to other coronaviruses, remarkable variability was found in the genome and biology of the BCoV. In 2022, samples of feces were collected from a cattle farm. A virus was isolated from 7-day-old newborn calves. In this study, we present the genetic characteristics of a new BCoV isolate. The complete genomic, spike protein, and nucleocapsid protein gene sequences of the BCoV strain, along with those of other coronaviruses, were obtained from the GenBank database...

BACKGROUND: Public libraries in the United States have experienced increases in opioid-related substance use in their communities and on their premises. This includes fatal and non-fatal overdose events. Some libraries have adopted response measures in their branches to deter substance use or prevent overdose. A small number of libraries around the nation have decided to stock the opioid antagonist naloxone (Narcan) for staff to administer to patrons who experience overdose. This response measure has generated extensive media attention...

Efforts to minimize narcotic usage following inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) implantation are vital, considering the current opioid epidemic in the United States. We aimed to determine whether pudendal nerve block (PNB) utilization in a multiethnic population undergoing primary IPP implantation can decrease rates of post-operative opiate usage. A single-institution, retrospective study was conducted on patients who underwent primary IPP implantation between December 2015 and June 2022. PNB usage and intra- and post-operative outcomes were analyzed using multivariate binary logistic regression...

The obesity epidemic is a worldwide phenomenon.1 In Australia, the prevalence of paediatric overweight or obesity is 25%.2 Children with obesity present to medical services more frequently than children with a healthy weight.3 Therefore, any hospital admission is an opportunity for clinicians to identify and manage children with overweight or obesity. Previous research has not objectively measured how frequently clinicians document a child as being above the healthy weight range and initiate weight management strategies...

Cardiovascular involvement in the context of viral infections is a well-documented phenomenon, for their potential to induce myocarditis, pericarditis, and other cardiac complications. While monkeypox is predominantly known for its predilection for the skin and mucous membranes, manifesting as characteristic skin lesions, emerging research suggests that the monkeypox virus can also infiltrate endothelial cells, thereby disseminating systemically and potentially impacting various organ systems, including the cardiovascular system...

The actual ideal of the literature is to probe the effect of external undulation on prevalence of COVID-19. Owing to some environmental influences, we enhanced our model to the stochastic perturbations. In this article, we scrutinize a stochastic epidemic COVID-19 model with seven states of epidemiological classification. Incipiently, a sophisticated biological system with the effect of time lags put forward copious strategies. At the outset, aim of this work is to explore the existence and uniqueness of global positive solution...

INTRODUCTION: The ongoing opioid misuse epidemic has had a marked impact on American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities. Culture- and gender-specific barriers to medically assisted recovery from opioid use disorder (OUD) have been identified, exacerbating its impact for AI/AN women. Wiidookaage'win is a community-based participatory research study that aims to develop a culturally tailored, moderated, private Facebook group intervention to support Minnesotan AI/AN women in medically assisted recovery from OUD...

BACKGROUND: Limb preservation surgery affects more than 100,000 Americans annually. Current postoperative pain management prescribing practices of podiatric physicians in the United States are understudied. We examined prescribing practices for limb preservation surgery to identify prescriber characteristics' that may be associated with postoperative opioid-prescribing practices. METHODS: We administered an anonymous online questionnaire consisting of five patient scenarios with limb preservation surgery commonly performed by podiatric physicians...

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 is highly contagious and has the potential to cause nosocomial infections, has placed a strong pressure on worldwide healthcare systems over the last years. Nosocomial infection has many influencing factors, among which the unreasonable operation of nurses accounts for 30.0%-50.0%. Therefore, strengthening the professional skill training of nurses is of great significance in reducing the nosocomial infection rate. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to explore the effectiveness of the training of nosocomial infection control on the competencies of specialist nurses under the background of the new crown epidemic based on competency-based theory...

A recent American Heart Association Scientific Statement and Presidential Advisory recognized a new syndrome, the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. This expands our understanding of what has been called cardiorenal syndrome by incorporating the pathophysiological interrelatedness of metabolic risk factors into the previous concept of cardiorenal syndrome. Importantly, perturbation of cardiac or renal physiology combines to produce significant detrimental outcomes. The cardiorenal syndrome is a significant part of the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome and contributes to health care cost, disability, and mortality...

BACKGROUND: Abuse of fentanyl and its analogs is a major contributor to the opioid overdose epidemic in the United States, but detecting and quantifying trace amounts of such drugs remains a challenge without resorting to sophisticated mass spectrometry-based methods. METHODS: A sensitive immunoassay with a sub-picogram limit of detection for fentanyl and a wide range of fentanyl analogs has been developed, using a novel high-affinity antibody fused with NanoLuc, a small-size luciferase that can emit strong and stable luminescence...

BACKGROUND: Diabetic neuropathy is a very common complication of diabetes mellitus. Thus, measuring the incidence of diabetic neuropathy is a key element in tracking the progress of epidemics of diabetes mellitus and an indication of early accessibility for healthcare in terms of type 2 diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess survival, incidence, and predictors of diabetic neuropathy among type 2 diabetic patients in hospitals of Addis Ababa from June 25 to August 25, 2023...

Postoperative orthopedic patients are a high-risk group for receiving long-duration, large-dosage opioid prescriptions. Rigorous evaluation of state opioid duration limit laws, enacted throughout the country in response to the opioid overdose epidemic, is lacking among this high-risk group. We took advantage of Massachusetts' early implementation of a 2016 7-day-limit law that occurred before other statewide or plan-wide policies took effect and used commercial insurance claims from 2014-2017 to study its association with postoperative opioid prescriptions greater than 7 days' duration among Massachusetts orthopedic patients relative to a New Hampshire control group...

Community Engagement (CE) for disease control and health has been tested for a long time across the globe for various health programmes. Realizing the need for true multisectoral action and CE and ownership for ending TB on an accelerated timeline, the Government of India launched a nationwide campaign for 'TB Mukt Panchayat' (meaning 'TB free village council' in Hindi language) on 24 March 2023, banking on the system of local self-governments in the country. Though it is an initiative with huge potential to contribute to India's efforts to end the TB epidemic, it is not without a few shortcomings...

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic arbovirus that causes abortion, stillbirth, and congenital defects in pigs, and epidemic encephalitis in humans. Currently, there is scarcity of information on JEV infection in pigs in Nigeria. Since the Culex tritaeniorhynchus vector of JEV is present in Nigeria and considering recent anecdotal reports of abortions and birth of weak piglets in some pig farms in southwestern Nigeria, there is a need for studies on the presence of the virus and its true burden among pig populations in the country...

Many studies have used mobile device location data to model SARS-CoV-2 dynamics, yet relationships between mobility behavior and endemic respiratory pathogens are less understood. We studied the effects of population mobility on the transmission of 17 endemic viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in Seattle over a 4-year period, 2018-2022. Before 2020, visits to schools and daycares, within-city mixing, and visitor inflow preceded or coincided with seasonal outbreaks of endemic viruses. Pathogen circulation dropped substantially after the initiation of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders in March 2020...

Individuals' socio-demographic and economic characteristics crucially shape the spread of an epidemic by largely determining the exposure level to the virus and the severity of the disease for those who got infected. While the complex interplay between individual characteristics and epidemic dynamics is widely recognised, traditional mathematical models often overlook these factors. In this study, we examine two important aspects of human behaviour relevant to epidemics: contact patterns and vaccination uptake...

Human Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks caused by persistent EBOV infection raises questions on the role of zoonotic spillover in filovirus epidemiology. To characterise filovirus zoonotic exposure, we collected cross-sectional serum samples from bushmeat hunters (n = 498) in Macenta Prefecture Guinea, adjacent to the index site of the 2013 EBOV-Makona spillover event. We identified distinct immune signatures (20/498, 4.0%) to multiple EBOV antigens (GP, NP, VP40) using stepwise ELISA and Western blot analysis and, live EBOV neutralisation (5/20; 25%)...

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious virus that causes Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED). This enteric disease results in high mortality rates in piglets, leading to significant financial losses in the pig industry. However, vaccines cannot provide sufficient protection against epidemic strains. Spike (S) protein exposed on the surface of virion mediates PEDV entry into cells. Our findings imply that matrine (MT), a naturally occurring alkaloid, inhibits PEDV infection targeting S protein of virions and biological process of cells...

BACKGROUND: This study aims to describe post-chikungunya complications chronically developed cases in returning travelers from some epidemic/endemic regions, and the variables that are associated with the progression of acute or subacute cases to the chronic phase. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study included chikungunya fever cases treated at La Paz-Carlos III University Hospital in Madrid, Spain, April 2014 to September 2016, when the chikungunya outbreak in Latin America started through the time of its greatest impact...