NAD AND NADH ratio

PURPOSE: Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) related arterial endothelium injury is a common cause of cardiovascular system injury. However, the mechanism still needs to be clarified. In this study, we aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) in CIH-related rat arterial endothelial cells (ROAEC) ferroptosis. METHODS: ROAEC was divided into control group, CIH group, and CIH+ Fer-1 group. Cell viability was detected by cell counting kit 8 kits (CCK8)...

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in liver cells owing to the metabolism of ethanol. This process leads to a decrease in the NAD+ /NADH ratio and the generation of reactive oxygen species. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the role of oxidative stress in AFLD. A total of 201 eligible manuscripts were included, which revealed that animals with AFLD exhibited elevated expression of CYP2E1, decreased enzymatic activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced levels of the transcription factor Nrf2, which plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes...

The administration of NAD+ precursors is a potential approach to protect against liver damage and metabolic dysfunction. However, the effectiveness of different NAD+ precursors in alleviating metabolic disorders is still poorly elucidated. The current study was performed to compare the effectiveness of four different NAD+ precursors, including nicotinic acid (NA), niacinamide (NAM), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) in alleviating high-glucose-induced injury to hepatocytes in a fish model, Megalobrama amblycephala ...

BACKGROUND/AIM: Circular RNAs can serve as detection biomarkers and therapeutic targets for tumors. Our study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms associated with circRNA LDLR (circLDLR) in gastric cancer (GC) proliferation and aerobic glycolysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression signatures of circLDLR, miR-449b-5p, and CHD1 were examined in GC samples using quantitative PCR. Proliferation ability of MKN-45 cells was assessed via CCK-8 and EdU assays, and cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry...

This detailed review disclosed the NF-κB pro-inflammatory gen's activity regulation and explored the therapeutic significance, activation, and inhibition. This study uncovers the structural intricacies of the NF-κB proteins and highlights the key role of SIRT1 in NF-kB signaling pathway regulation. Particularly the Rel Homology Domain (RHD), elucidating interactions and the regulatory mechanisms involving inhibitory proteins like IκB and p100 within the NF-κB signaling cascade. Disruption of the pathway is important in uncontrolled inflammation and immune disorders...

Anaerobic alcoholic fermentation, particularly in high-sugar environments, presents metabolic challenges for yeasts. Crabtree-positive yeasts, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, prefer fermentation even in the presence of oxygen. These yeasts rely on internal NAD+ recycling and extracellular assimilation of its precursor, nicotinic acid (vitamin B3), rather than de novo NAD+ production. Surprisingly, nicotinic acid assimilation is poorly characterised, even in S. cerevisiae. This study elucidated the timing of nicotinic acid uptake during grape juice-like fermentation and its impact on NAD(H) levels, the NAD+/NADH ratio, and metabolites produced...

Cullin RING E3 ligases (CRL) have emerged as key regulators of disease-modifying pathways and therapeutic targets. Cullin3 (Cul3)-containing CRL (CRL3) has been implicated in regulating hepatic insulin and oxidative stress signaling. However, CRL3 function in liver pathophysiology is poorly defined. Here, we report that hepatocyte Cul3 knockout results in rapid resolution of steatosis in obese mice. However, the remarkable resistance of hepatocyte Cul3 knockout mice to developing steatosis does not lead to overall metabolic improvement but causes systemic metabolic disturbances...

5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) is the sole active form of folate functioning in the human body and is widely used as a nutraceutical. Unlike the pollution from chemical synthesis, microbial synthesis enables green production of 5-MTHF. In this study, Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was selected as the host. Initially, by deleting 6-phosphofructokinase 1 and overexpressing glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, the glycolysis pathway flux decreased, while the pentose phosphate pathway flux enhanced...

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) attenuates mitochondrial activity while promoting glycolysis. However, lower glycolysis is compromised in human clear cell renal cell carcinomas, in which HIF1α acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell-autonomous proliferation. Here, we find that, unexpectedly, HIF1α suppresses lower glycolysis after the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) step, leading to reduced lactate secretion in different tumor cell types when cells encounter a limited pyruvate supply such as that typically found in the tumor microenvironment in vivo...

Background: Investigating the metabolic behaviour of different cellular phenotypes, i.e., good/bad grower and/or producer, in production culture is important to identify the key metabolite(s)/pathway(s) that regulate cell growth and/or recombinant protein production to improve the overall yield. Currently, LC-MS, GC-MS and NMR are the most used and advanced technologies for investigating the metabolome. Although contributed significantly in the domain, each technique has its own biasness towards specific metabolites or class of metabolites due to various reasons including variability in the concept of working, sample preparation, metabolite-extraction methods, metabolite identification tools, and databases...

NADH autofluorescence imaging is a promising approach for visualizing energy metabolism at the single-cell level. However, it is sensitive to the redox ratio and the total NAD(H) amount, which can change independently from each other, for example with aging. Here, we evaluate the potential of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of NADH to differentiate between these modalities.We perform targeted modifications of the NAD(H) pool size and ratio in cells and mice and assess the impact on NADH FLIM...

Infections with dengue virus (DENV) remain a worldwide public health problem. A number of bona fide cellular targets of DENV have been identified including liver cells. Despite the many lines of evidence confirming the involvement of hepatocytes during DENV infection, only a few studies have used proteomic analysis to understand the modulation of the cellular proteome occurring upon DENV infection. We utilized a 2D-gel electrophoresis analysis to identify proteins that were differentially regulated by DENV 2 infection of liver (Hep3B) cells at 12 h post infection (hpi) and at 48 hpi...

High glucose (HG) culture conditions in vitro and persistent exposure to hyperglycemia in diabetes patients are detrimental to stem cells, analogous to any other cell type in our body. It interferes with diverse signaling pathways, i.e. mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling, to impact physiological cellular functions, leading to low cell survival and higher cell apoptosis rates. While elucidating the underlying mechanism responsible for the apoptosis of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a recent study has shown that HG culture conditions dysregulate mTOR-PI3K-Akt signaling in addition to mitochondrial malfunctioning due to defective mitochondrial membrane potential (MtMP) that lowers ATP production...

Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) releases the energy stored in fat to maintain basic biological processes. Dehydrogenation is a major way to oxidize fatty acids, which needs NAD+ to accept the released H+ from fatty acids and form NADH, which increases the ratio of NADH/NAD+ and consequently inhibits FAO leading to the deposition of fat in the liver, which is termed fatty liver or steatosis. Consumption of alcohol (ethanol) initiates simple steatosis that progresses to alcoholic steatohepatitis, which constitutes a spectrum of liver disorders called alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD)...

Soil contamination with arsenic (As) can cause phytotoxicity and reduce crop yield. The mechanisms of As toxicity and tolerance are not fully understood. In this study, we used a forward genetics approach to isolate a rice mutant, ahs1, that exhibits hypersensitivity to both arsenate and arsenite. Through genomic resequencing and complementation tests, we identified OsLPD1 as the causal gene, which encodes a putative lipoamide dehydrogenase. OsLPD1 was expressed in the outer cell layer of roots, root meristem cells, and in the mesophyll and vascular tissues of leaves...

In this study, we investigated the advantages of utilizing natural FeS2 ore in the context of dark fermentative hydrogen production within a fermentation system employing heat-treated anaerobic granular sludge with xylose as the carbon source. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in both hydrogen production and the maximum rate, with increases of 2.58 and 4.2 times, respectively. Moreover, the presence of FeS2 ore led to a reduction in lag time by more than 2-3 hours. The enhanced biohydrogen production performance was attributed to factors such as the intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio, redox-active components of extracellular polymeric substances, secreted flavins, as well as the presence of hydrogenase and nitrogenase...

Avilamycins, which possess potent inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria, are a group of oligosaccharide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces viridochromogenes . Among these structurally related oligosaccharide antibiotics, avilamycin A serves as the main bioactive component in veterinary drugs and animal feed additives, which differs from avilamycin C only in the redox state of the two-carbon branched-chain of the terminal octose moiety. However, the mechanisms underlying assembly and modification of the oligosaccharide chain to diversify individual avilamycins remain poorly understood...

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the glycolytic activity of adenomyosis, which is characterized by malignant biological behaviors including abnormal cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell regulation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. METHODS: From January 2021 to August 2022, a total of 15 patients who underwent total hysterectomy for adenomyosis and 14 patients who had non-endometrial diseases, specifically with cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and uterine myoma, were included in this study...

Thioredoxins (TRXs) are central to redox regulation, modulating enzyme activities to adapt metabolism to environmental changes. Previous research emphasized mitochondrial and microsomal TRX o1 and h2 influence on mitochondrial metabolism, including photorespiration and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Our study aimed to compare TRX-based regulation circuits towards environmental cues mainly affecting photorespiration. Metabolite snapshots, phenotypes and CO2 assimilation were compared among single and multiple TRX mutants in the wild-type and the glycine decarboxylase T-protein knockdown (gldt1) background...

Multistress effects lead to unpredicted consequences in aquatic ecotoxicology and are extremely concerning. The goal of this study was to trace how specific effects of the antibiotic salinomycin (Sal) and microplastics (MP) on the bivalve molluscs are manifested in the combined environmentally relevant exposures. Unio tumidus specimens were treated with Sal (0.6 μg L-1 ), MP (1 mg L-1 , 2 μm size), and both at 18 °C (Mix) and 25 °C (MixT) for 14 days...