endive

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is one of the most devastating soilborne diseases of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). There are three races of V. dahliae and each race has been characterized by markers representing race-specific effectors. Race 1 is differentiated by the presence of the functional secretory Ave1 effector. Similarly, races 2 and 3 are differentiated by effectors VdR2e and VdR3e, respectively. While the presence of race 1 in coastal California was well-established, the presence of effector-based races 2 and 3 was uncertain...

INTRODUCTION: In the current era, infectious diseases pose a significant global challenge, primarily attributed to the widespread and prolonged use of antibiotics, which develop antimicrobial resistance. A significant proportion of pharmaceutical agents utilized globally can be traced back to plant origins, constituting approximately 25%. Medicinal applications harness a wide spectrum of plant-derived components, including flowers, leaves, stems, fruits, roots, waxes, oils, bioactive compounds, phytochemicals, and various other constituents...

Current food production methods and consumption behaviours are unsustainable and contribute to environmental harm. One example is food waste-around 38% of food produced is wasted each year. Here, we show that two common food waste products, wheat bran and brewer's spent grain, can successfully be upcycled via miso fermentation. During the fermentation process, kokumi γ-glutamyl peptides, known to increase mouthfulness, are produced; these include γ-ECG (oxidized), γ-EVG, γ-EV, γ-EE, γ-EF, and γ-EL...

As the promotive/complementary mechanism of the microbe-soil-tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) interaction remains unclear and the contribution of this triple interaction to tobacco growth is not predictable, the effects of intercropping on soil nutrients, enzymatic activity, microbial community composition, plant growth, and plant quality were studied, and the regulatory mechanism of intercropping on plant productivity and soil microenvironment (fertility and microorganisms) were evaluated. The results showed that the soil organic matter (OM), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), the urease activity (UE) and sucrase activity (SC), the diversity, abundance, and total and unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of bacteria and fungi as well as plant biomass in T1 (intercropping onion), T2 (intercropping endive), and T3 (intercropping lettuce) treatments were significantly higher than those of the controls (monocropping tobacco)...

The chloroplast (cp) genome diversity has been used in phylogeny studies, breeding, and variety protection, and its expression has been shown to play a role in stress response. Smooth- and curly-leafed endives ( Cichorium endivia var. latifolium and var. crispum ) are of nutritional and economic importance and are the target of ever-changing breeding programmes. A reference cp genome sequence was assembled and annotated (cultivar 'Confiance'), which was 152,809 base pairs long, organized into the angiosperm-typical quadripartite structure, harboring two inverted repeats separated by the large- and short- single copy regions...

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant ISK Biosciences Europe N.V. submitted a request to the competent national authority in Belgium to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance isofetamid in certain salad plants. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for lamb's lettuces/corn salads, escaroles/broad leaved endives, cresses and other sprouts and shoots, land cresses, Roman rocket/rucola, red mustards, baby leaf crops (including brassica species) and other lettuces and salad plants...

Forced chicory roots (FCR) are the main but also the least valued by-products of Belgian endive culture. However, they contain molecules of interest for industry such as caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). This study aims to investigate accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) as a green technique to recover chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA), the main CQAs. A D-optimal design was used to determine the influence of temperature and ethanol percentage on their extraction. Optimal extraction conditions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and allow the recovery of 4...

Over the past decades, a remarkable number of scientific studies supported the correlation between an adequate dietary intake of phytosterols (PS) and the reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. PS are known to inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, thus promoting the reduction of the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) amount in the bloodstream. Despite the fact that a non-negligible atherogenicity was recognized to PS, thus requiring a careful risk-benefits assessment for plant sterol supplementation, the potential role of PS as cholesterol-lowering agents has been contributing to the spreading awareness of the health benefits associated with the consumption of plant-based foods...

The Cichorium genus offers a unique opportunity to study the sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI) system, being composed of species characterized by highly efficient self-incompatibility (e.g., C. intybus ) and complete self-compatibility (e.g., C. endivia ). To this end, the chicory genome was used to map seven previously identified SSI locus-associated markers. The region containing the S-locus was therefore restricted to an ~4 M bp window on chromosome 5. Among the genes predicted in this region, MDIS1 INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 2 ( ciMIK2 ) was particularly promising as a candidate for SSI...

Chicory, a horticultural crop cultivated worldwide, presents many botanical varieties and local biotypes. Among these, cultivars of the Italian radicchio group of the pure species Cichorium intybus L. and its interspecific hybrids with Cichorium endivia L.-as the "Red of Chioggia" biotype-includes several phenotypes. This study uses a pipeline to address the marker-assisted breeding of F1 hybrids: it presents the genotyping-by-sequencing results of four elite inbred lines using a RADseq approach and an original molecular assay based on CAPS markers for screening mutants with nuclear male sterility in the radicchio of Chioggia...

BACKGROUND: The application of PacBio HiFi and ultra-long ONT reads have enabled huge progress in the contig-level assembly, but it is still challenging to assemble large contigs into chromosomes with available Hi-C scaffolding tools, which count Hi-C links between contigs using the whole or a large part of contig regions. As the Hi-C links of two adjacent contigs concentrate only at the neighbor ends of the contigs, larger contig size will reduce the power to differentiate adjacent (signal) and non-adjacent (noise) contig linkages, leading to a higher rate of mis-assembly...

The planting effect and the planting potential of 12 cover crops (Leguminous: alfalfa, smooth vetch, hairy vetch, red clover, white clover, common vetch; non-leguminous: sudangrass, green radish, Nitro radish, rape, kale, endive) in the Sanjiang Plain of Northeast China were comprehensively evaluated by soil penetration resistance, pre-winter biomass, root characteristics, and plant nitrogen accumulation. The results showed that all the 12 cover crops grew normally during the experimental sowing period. Compared with the control, all the cover crops successfully reduced soil compactness...

Belgian endive is grown in a two-step cultivation process that involves growing of the plants in the field, cold storage of the taproots, and a second growth period in dark conditions called forcing to yield the witloof heads. In this study, the changes in the carbohydrate content and the secondary metabolite composition were studied in different tissues of Belgian endive during the cultivation process. Belgian endive heads contain between 336-388 mg/g DW of total soluble carbohydrates, predominantly fructose and glucose...

Inulin is an important reserve polysaccharide in Asteraceae plants, and is also widely used as a sweetener, a source of dietary fibre and prebiotic. Nevertheless, a lack of genomic resources for inulin-producing plants has hindered extensive studies on inulin metabolism and regulation. Here, we present chromosome-level reference genomes for four inulin-producing plants: chicory (Cichorium intybus), endive (Cichorium endivia), great burdock (Arctium lappa) and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), with assembled genome sizes of 1...

Proteins of the alkylation B (AlkB) superfamily show RNA demethylase activity removing methyl adducts from N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A). m6 A is a reversible epigenetic mark of RNA that regulates human virus replication but has unclear roles in plant virus infection. We focused on Potyvirus-the largest genus of plant RNA viruses-and report here the identification of AlkB domains within P1 of endive necrotic mosaic virus (ENMV) and an additional virus of a putative novel species within Potyvirus. We show that Nicotiana benthamiana m6 A levels are reduced by infection of plum pox virus (PPV) and potato virus Y (PVY)...

Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) is a leafy vegetable in the Asteraceae family. Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) in endive leaves bring a bitter taste that varies between varieties. Despite their importance in breeding varieties with unique flavours, sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis pathways in endive are poorly understood. We assembled a chromosome-scale endive genome of 641 Mb with a contig N50 of 5.16 Mb and annotated 46,711 protein-coding genes. Several gene families, especially terpene synthases (TPS) genes, expanded significantly in the C...

Recovering biostimulant compounds from by-products of crops is a promising strategy to add value, enhance sustainability, and increase the environmental safety of the agricultural production chain. Here, we report consistent root and shoot growth-stimulating bioactivity present in water-based extracts from Belgian endive forced roots (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum) over two consecutive harvest years. The shoot and the primary root of in vitro cultivated Arabidopsis thaliana treated with Belgian endive extract were about 30% increased in size compared to plants grown under control conditions...

It is estimated that one-third of the world's population lives in areas where iodine (I) is scarce and its deficiency is responsible for many related disorders, such as goiter, reproductive failure, hearing loss, growth impairment, congenital I deficiency syndrome, and numerous kinds of brain injury. Mineral deficiencies can be overcome via dietary diversification and mineral supplementation. An alternative or even complementary way is represented by the intake of biofortified foods, which can tackle this lack of micronutrients...

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Bayer CropScience submitted two applications to the competent national authorities appointed in the United Kingdom and Greece to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance trifloxystrobin in various crops and in sweet peppers/bell peppers, respectively. Moreover, in the application submitted to the United Kingdom, the applicant also included a request to evaluate the confirmatory data identified in the framework of the MRL review under Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 as not available...

The European Commission mandated EFSA to issue a statement concerning confirmatory data that were not submitted by the set deadline by the applicant following Article 12 reviews under Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 for the following substances/commodity combination: 2,4-d on buckwheat and other pseudo-cereals, fenhexamid on kiwis, iprovalicarb on lettuces, escaroles/broad-leaved endives and roman rocket/rucola. EFSA prepared a statement containing a final conclusion on the completeness of the data necessary to support the existing tentative maximum residue levels (MRLs) and indications to risk managers whether or not the tentative MRLs currently established by Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 could be maintained...