Parkinson's disease animal models

Over the past few decades, numerous environmental chemicals from solvents to pesticides have been suggested to be involved in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Most of the evidence has accumulated from occupational or cohort studies in humans or laboratory research in animal models, with a range of chemicals being implicated. What has been missing is a systematic approach analogous to genome-wide association studies, which have identified dozens of genes involved in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases...

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common central nervous system neurodegenerative disease. Neuroinflammation is one of the significant neuropathological hallmarks. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Safranal exerts anti-inflammatory effects in various diseases, however, whether it plays a similar effect on PD is still unclear. The study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of Safranal on PD. METHODS: The PD mouse model was established by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MPTP firstly...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects dopaminergic neurons, thus impairing dopaminergic signalling. Quercetin (QUE) has antioxidant and neuroprotective properties that are promising for the treatment of PD. This systematic review aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of QUE against PD in preclinical models. The systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. At the final screening stage, 26 articles were selected according to pre-established criteria...

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a well-established treatment for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). While PD is primarily characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, it also involves a range of non-motor symptoms, and anxiety is one of the most common. The relationship between PD and anxiety is complex and can be a result of both pathological neural changes and the psychological and emotional impacts of living with a chronic progressive condition...

Nervonic acid (NA) is a primary long-chain fatty acid and has been confirmed to have neuroprotective effects in neurologic diseases. Oxidative stress and neuronal damage are the main causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study mainly explored whether NA is involved in regulating oxidative stress and apoptosis in MPTP-induced mouse model and MPP-induced cell model. Through behavior tests, we proved that MPTP-induced motor dysfunction in mice was recovered by NA treatment. NA can reduce MPTP-induced neuronal damage, manifested by elevated levels of TH and dopamine, as well as decreased levels of α-syn...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is defined as a progressive neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly people. The therapeutic effect of ω-3 PUFAs in several neurodegenerative diseases has been well recognized. Nevertheless, whether nutrition supplementing ω-3 PUFAs exerts a neuroprotective role in PD remains elusive. Bioinformatics revealed 2D chemical structural formula of three components. Mice received indicated treatment with saline, MPTP or ω-3 PUFAs according to grouping. Behavioral function of mice was measured through motor tests such as rearing, akinesia, and rotarod tests...

Objective: To analyze the differential genes and related signaling pathways of microglia subpopulations in Parkinson's disease (PD) -like mouse brains induced by paraquat (PQ) based on single-cell RNA sequencing, and provide clues to elucidate the mechanism of PQ-induced PD-like changes in the brain of animals. Methods: In September 2021, six male 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group and experimental group (three mice in each group) . The mice were injected with saline, 10.0 mg/kg PQ intraperitoneally, once every three days, and 10 consecutive injections were used for modeling...

BACKGROUND: Recent developments in metabolomics, transcriptomic and epigenetics open up new horizons regarding the pharmacological understanding of phytocannabinoids as neuromodulators in treating anxiety, depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and autism. METHODS: The present review is an extensive search in public databases, such as Google Scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed, to collect all the literature about the neurobiological roles of cannabis extract, cannabidiol, 9-tetrahydrocannabinol specially focused on metabolomics, transcriptomic, epigenetic, mechanism of action, in different cell lines, induced animal models and clinical trials...

Protein kinase CK1δ (CK1δ) is a serine-threonine/kinase that modulates different physiological processes, including the cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis. CK1δ overexpression, and the consequent hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins, can lead to sleep disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. CK1δ inhibitors showed anticancer properties as well as neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis...

Diabetic Parkinson's disease (DP) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with metabolic syndrome that is increasing worldwide. Emerging research suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) is a neuropharmacological compound that acts against this disease, especially CBD in nano-formulation. The safety of cannabidiol lipid nanoparticles (CBD-LNP) was evaluated by assessing in vitro cytotoxicity in neurons and therapeutic outcomes in a DP animal model, including metabolic parameters and histopathology. CBD-LNPs were fabricated by using a microfluidization technique and showed significantly lower cytotoxicity than the natural form of CBD...

BACKGROUND: The prolonged activation of microglia and excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines can lead to chronic neuroinflammation, which is an important pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously reported the protective effect of Vitamin C (Vit C) on a mouse model of PD. However, its effect on microglial functions in neuroinflammation remains to be clarified. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a serine/threonine kinase having a role in driving inflammatory responses, making GSK3β inhibitors a promising target for anti-inflammatory research...

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has paracrine and endocrine roles in the central nervous system. There is evidence that IGF signalling pathways have roles in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease. This review focusses on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, the two most common neurodegenerative disorders that are increasing in prevalence globally in relation to the aging population and the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Rodent models used in the study of the molecular pathways involved in neurodegeneration are described...

In Parkinson's disease (PD), along with typical motor dysfunction, abnormal breathing is present; the cause of which is not well understood. The study aimed to analyze the effects of stimulation of the serotonergic system with 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A agonists in a model of PD induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). To model PD, bilateral injection of 6-OHDA into both striata was performed in male Wistar rats. Respiratory disturbances in response to 7% hypercapnia (CO2 in O2 ) in the plethysmographic chamber before and after stimulation of the serotonergic system and the incidence of apnea were studied in awake rats 5 weeks after 6-OHDA or vehicle injection...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized as the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Even if PD etiopathogenesis is not yet fully understood, in recent years, it has been advanced that a chronic state of inflammation could play a decisive role in the development of this pathology, establishing the close link between PD and neuroinflammation. In the broad panorama of inflammation and its several signaling pathways, the C-C chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR1) could play a key pathogenic role in PD progression, and could constitute a valuable target for the development of innovative anti-PD therapies...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, age-related, progressive multisystem disease associated with neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. This review discusses the methodological approaches used to study the changes in central and peripheral immunity in PD, the advantages and limitations of the techniques, and their applicability to humans. Although a single animal model cannot replicate all pathological features of the human disease, neuroinflammation is present in most animal models of PD and plays a critical role in understanding the involvement of the immune system (IS) in the pathogenesis of PD...

The etiology underlying most sporadic Parkinson's' disease (PD) cases is unknown. Environmental exposures have been suggested as putative causes of the disease. In cell models and in animal studies, certain chemicals can destroy dopaminergic neurons. However, the mechanisms of how these chemicals cause the death of neurons is not understood. Several of these agents are mitochondrial toxins that inhibit the mitochondrial complex I of the electron transport chain. Familial PD genes also encode proteins with important functions in mitochondria...

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities are acknowledged as significant factors in the onset of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our research has demonstrated that the use of combined metabolic activators (CMA) may alleviate metabolic dysfunctions and stimulate mitochondrial metabolism. Therefore, the use of CMA could potentially be an effective therapeutic strategy to slow down or halt the progression of PD and AD...

Several neurologic diseases including spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis are accompanied by disturbances of the lower urinary tract functions. Clinical data indicates that chronic spinal cord stimulation can improve not only motor function but also ability to store urine and control micturition. Decoding the spinal mechanisms that regulate the functioning of detrusor (Detr) and external urethral sphincter (EUS) muscles is essential for effective neuromodulation therapy in patients with disturbances of micturition...

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by the misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein in neurons into toxic oligomers and fibrils that have prion-like properties allowing them to infect healthy neurons and to be transmitted to animal models of PD by injection or oral exposure. Given α-synuclein fibrils' potential transmission on the gut-brain axis, α-synuclein may be transmitted through colonoscopy procedures. OBJECTIVE: This study examines a possible association between colonoscopy and PD...

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the presence of proteinaceous alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions (Lewy bodies), markers of neuroinflammation and the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons. These pathological features can be recapitulated in vivo using the α-syn preformed fibril (PFF) model of synucleinopathy. We have previously determined that microglia proximal to PFF-induced nigral α-syn inclusions increase in soma size, upregulate major-histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) expression, and increase expression of a suite of inflammation-associated transcripts...