Micronucleus

Ivermectin (IVM) is an anti-parasitic drug which is used for treating parasitic infestations. It has been used in humans for treating intestinal strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis however, currently researchers are investigating its potential for treating coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Due to its broad-spectrum activities, IVM is being used excessively in animals which has generated an interest for researchers to investigate its toxic effects. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects have been reported in animals due to excessive usage of IVM...

Human cancer is caused mainly by exposure to genotoxic chemicals; therefore, cellular defence mechanisms against genotoxic stress are crucial. Genetic factors are essential to maintaining genome stability and play a vital role in overcoming this by repairing the genome damage caused by any agent in order to prevent chromosomal instability. To examine the influence of the genetic makeup in specific ataxia-telangiectasia (ATM), we have examined non-cancerous fibroblast cell lines (HLF, AG1522 and L6) and cells with ATM mutated deficiency (GM4405)...

The ionic properties of strontium (Sr), a significant artificial radionuclide in the marine environment, were estimated using a stable nuclide-substituting experimental system under controlled laboratory conditions. The bio-accumulation of Sr and its impacts, as well as any possible hidden mechanisms, were evaluated based on the physiological alterations of the sentinel blue mussel Mytilus edulis . The mussels were exposed to a series of stress-inducing concentrations, with the highest solubility being 0.2 g/L...

BACKGROUND: An in vitro micronucleus assay is a standard genotoxicity test. Although the technique and interpretation of the results are simple, manual counting of the total and micronucleus-containing cells in a microscopic field is tedious. To address this issue, several systems have been developed for quick and efficient micronucleus counting, including flow cytometry and automated detection based on specialized software and detection systems that analyze images. RESULTS: Here, we present a simple and effective method for automated micronucleus counting using image recognition technology...

Environmental contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metals are major contaminants of food such as fish thus serving as source of exposure to human. This study was designed to evaluate the carcinogenic risk and other risks associated with long-term consumption of environmentally relevant dose of nickel and benzo [a] anthracene in rats. Thirty-six (36) male rats weighing between 80 and 100 g were assigned into 6 groups of 6 animals each; normal, nickel-, and benzo [a] anthracene-exposed groups for 12 and 24 weeks, respectively...

Intravenous and oral 14 d repeated dose toxicity studies of Trichostatin A (TSA) were carried out in Swiss albino mice using low, intermediate, and high doses. Intravenous doses were 10, 25, and 50 μg/kg b.w while the oral doses were 20, 50, and 100 μg/kg b.w. Respective control groups of mice were administered phosphate buffered saline (vehicle only) for 14 consecutive days. All external morphological, hematological, biochemical, urine, histopathological, food intake in addition to body weight and vital organ weight were recorded...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Medicinal plants have shown promise in the search for new treatments of pulmonary emphysema. Anadenanthera colubrina, a species native to the Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil, is widely recognized and traditionally employed in the treatment of pulmonary diseases. Many studies corroborate popular knowledge about the medicinal applications of A. colubrina, which has demonstrated a remarkable variety of pharmacological properties, however, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are highlighted...

Exposure to hexavalent chromium damages genetic materials like DNA and chromosomes, further elevating cancer risk, yet research rarely focuses on related immunological mechanisms, which play an important role in the occurrence and development of cancer. We investigated the association between blood chromium (Cr) levels and genetic damage biomarkers as well as the immune regulatory mechanism involved, such as costimulatory molecules, in 120 workers exposed to chromates. Higher blood Cr levels were linearly correlated with higher genetic damage, reflected by urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and blood micronucleus frequency (MNF)...

Among the compounds present in necro-leachate, a liquid released during the process of decomposition of the human body, are the biogenic amines cadaverine and putrescine. Although some studies on necro-leachate have indicated a potential ecotoxicological and public health risk associated with it, the research on this type of contamination is still rather limited. This study presents information about the phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic potential of cadaverine and putrescine, evaluated separately and within a mixture...

In this study, the multifaceted toxicity induced by high doses of the essential trace element molybdenum in Allium cepa L. was investigated. Germination, root elongation, weight gain, mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), Comet assay, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and anatomical parameters were used as biomarkers of toxicity. In addition, detailed correlation and PCA analyzes were performed for all parameters discussed. On the other hand, this study focused on the development of a two hidden layer deep neural network (DNN) using Matlab...

The bark extract from Endopleura uchi has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat gynecological-related disorders, diabetes, and dyslipidemias albeit without scientific proof. In addition, E. uchi bark extract safety, especially regarding mutagenic activities, is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, antitumor, and toxicological parameters attributed to an E. uchi bark aqueous extract. The phytochemical constitution was assessed by colorimetric and chromatographic analyzes...

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are non-combustible, inhaled tobacco products that generate an aerosol with fewer and lower levels of toxicants, with a potential to reduce risk relative to cigarette smoking. Here, we assessed in vitro toxicological effects of three menthol (glo neo neoCLICK, neo Smooth Menthol and Fresh Menthol) and one non-menthol (neo Smooth Tobacco) variants of glo HTP, along with market comparators for cigarettes and HTPs. Limited chemical characterization of the study products revealed significantly lower levels of acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotanaldehyde and formaldehyde in test samples from HTPs than those from cigarettes...

The emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to a pandemic, prompting rapid vaccine development. Although vaccines are effective, the occurrence of rare adverse events following vaccination highlights the necessity of determining whether the benefits outweigh the risks posed by the infection itself. The recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (rVSV) platform is a promising vector for vaccines against emerging viruses. However, limited studies have evaluated the genotoxicity and safety pharmacology of this viral vector vaccine, which is crucial to ensure the safety of vaccines developed using this platform...

Gasoline station attendants are exposed to numerous chemicals that might have genotoxic and carcinogenic potential, such as benzene in fuel vapor and particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vehicle exhaust emission. According to IARC, benzene and diesel particulates are Group 1 human carcinogens, and gasoline has been classified as Group 2A "possibly carcinogenic to humans." At gas stations, self-service is not implemented in Turkey; fuel-filling service is provided entirely by employees, and therefore they are exposed to those chemicals in the workplace during all working hours...

Zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and their derivatives are well-known mycotoxins, which can occur not only in crops but also in water bodies, including drinking water sources. In vitro bioassays can be used to detect biological effects of hazardous compounds in water. To this, when studying biological effects and toxicity in vitro, metabolism is important to consider. In this study, ZEN, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), DON, 3-acetyl DON, and 15-acetyl DON were evaluated in vitro for hormone receptor-mediated effects (estrogen receptor [ER] and androgen receptor [AR]) and genotoxicity (micronucleus assay) in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (MAS)...

Human liver-derived metabolically competent HepaRG cells have been successfully employed in both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D spheroid formats for performing the comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. In the present study, we have investigated expanding the genotoxicity endpoints evaluated in HepaRG cells by detecting mutagenesis using two error-corrected next generation sequencing (ecNGS) technologies, Duplex Sequencing (DS) and High-Fidelity (HiFi) Sequencing. Both HepaRG 2D cells and 3D spheroids were exposed for 72 h to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), followed by an additional incubation for the fixation of induced mutations...

In this study, we used the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay to evaluate the background frequency of cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the general population concerning different anthropometric data and lifestyle factors. The background frequency of CBMN assay parameters was analysed in 850 healthy, occupationally non-exposed male and female subjects (average age, 38±11 years) gathered from the general Croatian population from 2000 to 2023. The mean background values for micronuclei (MNi) in the whole population were 5...

Environmental and occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with adverse health effects in humans. Uncertainty exists regarding the causation of urinary bladder cancer by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) due to a lack of sufficient data. In this work, we focused on in-vitro DNA damage and the formation of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations as predictors of cancer risk, applying a wide range of dosages and time periods to quantify the onset, intensity, and duration of the response...

Rubus imperialis Chum. Schl. (Rosaceae) have demonstrated some pharmacological activities, including gastroprotective action. However, genotoxic effects of R. imperialis extract was also reported. Since niga-ichigoside F1 (NIF1) is a major compound of this plant species, and which has proven pharmacological properties, it is essential to investigate whether this compound is responsible for the observed toxicity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of NIF1 on HepG2/C3A cells for possible cytogenotoxicity, cell cycle and apoptosis influence, and expression of genes linked to the DNA damage, cell cycle, cell death, and xenobiotic metabolism...

There has been growing interest in the use of human-derived metabolically competent cells for genotoxicity testing. The HepaRG cell line is considered one of the most promising cell models because it is TP53-proficient and retains many characteristics of primary human hepatocytes. In recent years, HepaRG cells, cultured in both a traditional two-dimensional (2D) format and as more advanced in-vivo-like 3D spheroids, have been employed in assays that measure different types of genetic toxicity endpoints, including DNA damage, mutations, and chromosomal damage...