Eye tracking

Countless workers handle bodily effluvia and body envelope violations every working day, and consequentially face deeply unpleasant levels of disgust. Understanding if and how they adapt can help inform policies to improve worker satisfaction and reduce staff turnover. So far, limited evidence exist that self-reported disgust is reduced (or lower to begin with) among those employed in high-disgust environments. However, it is unclear if this is due to demand effects or translates into real behavioural changes...

PURPOSE: To investigate the percent change in central corneal thickness (%ΔCCT) during air-puff-induced deformation as an indicator of corneal biomechanical response. METHODS: Forty ex vivo human eyes from forty donors were imaged using the CorVis ST at experimentally controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) of 10, 20, 30, and 40 mmHg, followed by uniaxial strip testing to calculate tensile modulus. The CorVis ST research software tracked the anterior and posterior cornea edges and determined the dynamic corneal response (DCR) parameters...

This paper presents a novel webcam-based approach for gaze estimation on computer screens. Utilizing appearance based gaze estimation models, the system provides a method for mapping the gaze vector from the user's perspective onto the computer screen. Notably, it determines the user's 3D position in front of the screen, using only a 2D webcam without the need for additional markers or equipment. The study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis, assessing the performance of the proposed method against established eye tracking solutions...

Health warning labels have been found to increase awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco products. An eye tracking study was conducted to determine the optimal placement and type of a health warning label on tobacco waterpipes. Participants viewed images that contained one of (1) four waterpipes, (2) three different types of warning labels, (3) placed in three locations. Typically, statistical analysis of eye tracking data is conducted based on summary statistics such as total dwell time, duration score, and number of visits to an area of interest...

What humans look at strongly determines what they see. We show that individual differences in the tendency to look at positive stimuli are stable across time and across contents, establishing gaze positivity preference as a perceptual trait that determines the amount of positively valence stimuli individuals select for visual processing. Furthermore, we show that patients with major depressive disorder exhibit consistently low positivity preference before treatment. In a subset of patients, we also assessed the positivity preference after two months of treatment in which positivity gaze preference increased to levels similar to healthy individuals...

Zebrafish eyes are anatomically similar to humans and have a higher percentage of cone photoreceptors more akin to humans than most rodent models, making them a beneficial model organism for studying vision. However, zebrafish are different in that they can regenerate their optic nerve after injury, which most other animals cannot. Vision in zebrafish and many other vertebrate animals, including humans, can be accessed using the optokinetic response (OKR), which is an innate eye movement that occurs when tracking an object...

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the current use and reliability of artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithms for analyzing cataract surgery videos. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature about intra-operative analysis of cataract surgery videos with machine learning techniques was performed. Cataract diagnosis and detection algorithms were excluded. Resulting algorithms were compared, descriptively analyzed, and metrics summarized or visually reported...

BACKGROUND: Recently a significant part of schizophrenia studies have been focused on the role of cytokines, especially interleukin-6 (IL-6). Some authors have suggested a pathogenetic role for IL-6 in schizophrenia and concluded that therapy that centers on suppressing IL-6 activity may prove beneficial for certain categories of patients with the disorder. However, many questions about whether the changes in IL-6 levels in schizophrenia are primary, related to symptoms or caused by therapy, are concomitant metabolic disorders, are related to smoking or other secondary factors remain unanswered...

BACKGROUND: Recently a significant part of schizophrenia studies have been focused on the role of cytokines, especially interleukin-6 (IL-6). Some authors have suggested a pathogenetic role for IL-6 in schizophrenia and concluded that therapy that centers on suppressing IL-6 activity may prove beneficial for certain categories of patients with the disorder. However, many questions about whether the changes in IL-6 levels in schizophrenia are primary, related to symptoms or caused by therapy, are concomitant metabolic disorders, are related to smoking or other secondary factors remain unanswered...

This review delineates the ocular motor disturbances across a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and related disorders (ADRD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), atypical parkinsonism, and others, leveraging advancements in eye-tracking technology for enhanced diagnostic precision. We delve into the different classes of eye movements, their clinical assessment, and specific abnormalities manifesting in these diseases, highlighting the nuanced differences and shared patterns. For instance, AD and ADRD are characterized by increased saccadic latencies and instability in fixation, while PD features saccadic hypometria and mild smooth pursuit impairments...

Arousal state is regulated by subcortical neuromodulatory nuclei, such as locus coeruleus, which send wide-reaching projections to cortex. Whether higher-order cortical regions have the capacity to recruit neuromodulatory systems to aid cognition is unclear. Here, we hypothesized that select cortical regions activate the arousal system, which in turn modulates large-scale brain activity, creating a functional circuit predicting cognitive ability. We utilized the Human Connectome Project 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset (N=149), acquired at rest with simultaneous eye tracking, along with extensive cognitive assessment for each subject...

BACKGROUND: Visual acuity and image stability are crucial for daily activities, particularly during head motion. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and its suppression (VORS) support stable fixation of objects of interest. The VOR drives a reflexive eye movement to counter retinal slip of a stable target during head motion. In contrast, VORS inhibits this countermovement when the target stimulus is in motion. The VORS allows for object fixation when it aligns with the direction of the head's movement, or when an object within or outside the peripheral vision needs to be focused upon...

BACKGROUND: Early identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) improves long-term outcomes, yet significant diagnostic delays persist. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 449 children (ASD: 246, typically developing [TD]: 203) was used for model development. Eye-movement data were collected from the participants watching videos that featured eye-tracking paradigms for assessing social and non-social cognition. Five machine learning algorithms, namely random forest, support vector machine, logistic regression, artificial neural network, and extreme gradient boosting, were trained to classify children with ASD and TD...

BACKGROUND: We present the largest study of the frequency and nature of visual complications in a cohort of 350 patients consecutively diagnosed with giant cell arteritis (GCA). METHODS: All individuals were assessed using structured forms and diagnosed using imaging or biopsy. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyse data for predicting visual loss. RESULTS: Visual symptoms occurred in 101 (28.9%) patients, with visual loss in one or both eyes in 48 (13...

Previous research on real-time sentence processing in German has shown that listeners use the morphological marking of accusative case on a sentence-initial noun phrase to not only interpret the current argument as the object and patient, but also to predict a plausible agent. So far, less is known about the use of case marking to predict the semantic role of upcoming arguments after the subject/agent has been encountered. In the present study, we examined the use of case marking for argument interpretation in transitive as well as ditransitive structures...

Different tests measure text comprehension, including the cloze gap-filling test, often used for language learning. Different studies hypothesized cognitive strategies in this type of test and their relationship with working memory and performance. However, no study investigated the cloze test, working memory, and possible cognitive strategies, while performing the test. Therefore, this study aimed to identify cognitive visual strategies in the cloze test by applying an unsupervised algorithm and to analyze the relationship between these strategies with working memory and performance in the cloze test...

This study aimed to precisely investigate the effects of intensive physical exercise on retinal microvascular regulation in healthy volunteers through adaptive optics retinal camera (AO) measurement. We included healthy volunteers (11 men and 14 women) aged 20.6 ± 0.9. The heart rate (HR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP) were recorded before and after a submaximal physical exertion of continuously riding a training ergometer. The superior temporal retinal artery measurements were captured using the AO-rtx1TM (Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France) without pupil dilation...

Clomiphene citrate is a common treatment for ovulation induction in subfertile women, but its use is associated with elevated risk of adverse perinatal outcomes and birth defects. To investigate the biological plausibility of a causal relationship, this study investigated in mice the consequences for fetal development and pregnancy outcome of peri-conception clomiphene citrate administration at doses approximating human exposures. A dose-dependent adverse effect of clomiphene citrate given twice in the 36 h after mating was seen, with a moderate dose of 0...

Goal: To predict physician fixations specifically on ophthalmology optical coherence tomography (OCT) reports from eye tracking data using CNN based saliency prediction methods in order to aid in the education of ophthalmologists and ophthalmologists-in-training. Methods: Fifteen ophthalmologists were recruited to each examine 20 randomly selected OCT reports and evaluate the likelihood of glaucoma for each report on a scale of 0-100. Eye movements were collected using a Pupil Labs Core eye-tracker. Fixation heat maps were generated using fixation data...

Sensory stimulation is often accompanied by fluctuations at high frequencies (>30Hz) in brain signals. These could be "narrowband" oscillations in the gamma band (30-70 Hz) or non-oscillatory "broadband" high-gamma (70-150 Hz) activity. Narrowband gamma oscillations, which are induced by presenting some visual stimuli such as gratings and have been shown to weaken with healthy aging and the onset of Alzheimer's Disease, hold promise as potential biomarkers. However, since delivering visual stimuli is cumbersome as it requires head stabilization for eye tracking, an equivalent auditory paradigm could be useful...