Insulin Resistence

Pituitary gigantism is a rare manifestation of chronic growth hormone (GH) excess that begins before closure of the growth plates. Nearly half of pituitary gigantism patients have an identifiable genetic cause. X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG; 10% of pituitary gigantism) typically begins during infancy and can lead to the tallest individuals described. In the 10 years since its discovery, about 40 patients have been identified. Patients with X-LAG usually develop mixed GH and prolactin macroadenomas with occasional hyperplasia that secrete copious amounts of GH, and frequently prolactin...

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the metabolic changes during therapy of tocilizumab (TCZ) and methotrexate (MTX) in non-diabetic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and for the first time explore the associations between metabolic parameters and serum YKL-40 (sYKL-40) levels. METHODS: We enrolled active non-diabetic RA patients who were refractory to MTX. Patients received intravenous TCZ (8 mg/kg) once every 4 weeks combined with MTX for 24 weeks. Metabolic parameters and sYKL-40 levels were measured before TCZ infusion at baseline, week 4, week 12, and week 24...

Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of stroke, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The morbidity and mortality associated with this constellation of risk factors are equally alarming when considering the economic and global significance that this epidemic has on an institutional and patient level. Despite several current treatments available, there needs to be a continuous effort to explore more specific and effective druggable entities for preventative and therapeutic interventions. Within this context, the G-protein coupled receptor, GPR75, is an attractive pharmacological target...

CONTEXT: Whether continuation of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) or switching to oral semaglutide is more beneficial for β-cell function is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of switching from DPP-4is to oral semaglutide for β-cell function compared with DPP-4i continuation. METHODS: Post hoc analysis of SWITCH-SEMA 2, a multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial on the switch to oral semaglutide vs DPP-4i continuation without dose adjustment for 24 weeks in subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with DPP-4is, was conducted...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The introduction of the latest nomenclature, metabolic associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), proposed by the multi-society without Asian society consensus statement, aims to redefine the diagnostic criteria for metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). However, its effect on the epidemiology in Asia remains unclear. METHOD: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey on fatty liver disease using multistage stratified random sampling of participants from Guangzhou, a representative area in China (ChiCTR2000033376)...

The circadian timing system controls glucose metabolism in a time-of-day dependent manner. In mammals, the circadian timing system consists of the main central clock in the bilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus and subordinate clocks in peripheral tissues. The oscillations produced by these different clocks with a period of approximately 24-h are generated by the transcriptional-translational feedback loops of a set of core clock genes. Glucose homeostasis is one of the daily rhythms controlled by this circadian timing system...

BACKGROUND: Cell aging is associated with changes in telomeres due to DNA damage arising from chronic inflammation in obese patients. The aim of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to find the relationship between obesity and aging or senescence. METHODS: The systematic review was conducted through PRISMA guideline, beginning with literature search within 2012-2022 in several databases (PubMed, EBSCOHost, Science Direct, Scopus, and Cochrane) followed by screening process using predetermined PICO criteria...

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the significant causes of infertility. Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance add chiefly to the pathogenesis of PCOS. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of metformin and pioglitazone (insulin sensitizers) on the quality of the ovum and pregnancy rate in the IVF cycle. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial study, 172 infertile women with PCO were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either 15 mg pioglitazone (case group) or 1000 mg metformin (control group) twice a day for 6 weeks before IVF, and the pregnancy rate was compared across the groups...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent gynecological endocrine conditions affecting reproductive women. It can feature a variety of symptoms, such as obesity, insulin resistance, skin conditions, and infertility. Women with PCOS are susceptible to illnesses including mood disorders, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Among them, depression is the most common in PCOS and has a detrimental effect on quality of life. Depression may occasionally develop due to the pathological traits of PCOS, but its exact pathogenesis in PCOS have eluded researchers to date...

Background  The most crucial step in the management of type 2 diabetes is identifying its pathogenesis and progression. Fat accumulation in the pancreas and decreased parenchymal volume can influence pancreatic function due to insulin resistance or β-cell dysfunction. This study aims to find out the difference in pancreatic volume and fat content by using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) between normal subjects and patients with different durations of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a long-term medical illness in which the body either becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce it sufficiently. Mostly, combinatorial therapy is required to control blood glucose levels. However, combinatorial therapy has detrimental side effects. The prevalence of the cases and subsequent increases in medical costs of the same intimidate human health globally. While there have been a lot of studies focused on developing diabetic regimens that work to lower blood glucose levels, their effectiveness is short-lived because of unfavorable side effects, such as weight gain and hypoglycemia...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lipoprotein particle concentrations and size are associated with increased risk for atherosclerosis and premature cardiovascular disease. Certain dietary behaviours may be cardioprotective and public health strategies are needed to guide consumers' dietary choices and help prevent diet-related disease. The Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSAm-NPS) constitutes the basis of the five-colour front-of-pack Nutri-Score labelling system. No study has examined FSAm-NPS index associations with a wide range of lipoprotein particle subclasses...

This study was to investigate the effects of Smilax China L. saponins (SCS) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to induce NAFLD, followed by SCS treatment for 8 weeks. The effect of SCS on liver injury was observed by H&E staining and the regulative mechanism of SCS on lipid formation was exposed by detecting Oil red O, insulin resistance (IR), and fatty acids synthesis (FAS). Furthermore, transcriptomics and metabolomics were performed to analyze the potential targets...

The number of patients with lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has continued to increase worldwide. Therefore, development of innovative therapeutic methods targeting lifestyle-related diseases is required. Gene therapy has attracted considerable attention as an advanced medical treatment. Safe and high-performance vectors are essential for the practical application of gene therapy...

CD44, a cell surface adhesion receptor and stem cell biomarker, is recently implicated in chronic metabolic diseases. Ablation of CD44 ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Here, we investigated cell type specific CD44 expression in human and mouse adipose tissue and further studied how CD44 in preadipocytes regulates adipocyte function. Using Crispr Cas9-mdediated gene deletion and lentivirus-mediated gene re-expression, we discovered that deletion of CD44 promotes adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis, whereas re-expression of CD44 abolishes this effect and decreases insulin responsiveness and adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 cells...

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, excessive fat accumulation and dyslipidemia, and is known to be accompanied by neuropathological symptoms such as memory loss, anxiety, and depression. As the number of MetS patients is rapidly increasing globally, studies on the mechanisms of metabolic imbalance-related neuropathology are emerging as an important issue. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is the main Ca2+ sensor and contributes to diverse intracellular signaling in peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS)...

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To perform an overall assessment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) adults with central obesity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: We enrolled HFpEF patients with central obesity (n =73, mean age 52.4 ± 6.3 years) and without obesity (n =70, mean age 51.9 ± 7.1 years) and compared with an age-matched healthy subjects who had not suffered from HF (n = 69, mean age 52.3 ± 7.5 years). Physical examination, routine laboratory tests such as fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA) index, serum lipids, haemoglobin, creatinine, ALT, AST, uric acide, hs CRP, TSH, N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and standard transthoracic echocardiogram (2D and Doppler) examinations were performed and assessed...

OBJECTIVE: Aim: The aim of the research was to study the features of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (EPI) in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) at COVID-19. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: 72 patients with NAFLD and COVID-19 were examined. The patients have been divided into two groups: group 1 included 42 patients with NAFLD and insulin resistance (IR); group 2 consisted of 30 patients with NAFLD in the combination with type 2 DM...

PURPOSE: This study employs a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the variation in ischemic stroke risk across novel subtypes of adult-onset type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Leveraging pooled genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from the Swedish ANDIS cohort, we explored the association of four newly identified type 2 diabetes subtypes-severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD), severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD), mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD), and mild age-related diabetes (MARD)-with ischemic stroke risk...

Chronic nonhealing wounds are serious complications of diabetes with a high morbidity, and they can lead to disability or death. Conventional drug therapy is ineffective for diabetic wound healing because of the complex environment of diabetic wounds and the depth of drug penetration. Here, we developed a self-healing, dual-layer, drug-carrying microneedle (SDDMN) for diabetic wound healing. This SDDMN can realize transdermal drug delivery and broad-spectrum sterilization without drug resistance and meets the multiple needs of the diabetic wound healing process...