Electroencephalogram and EEG

OBJECTIVE: The mechanisms underlying epileptogenicity in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are poorly understood. METHODS: We analysed neuronal spiking activity (84 neurons), fast ripples (FRs), local field potentials and intracranial electroencephalogram during interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in the tuber and perituber of a patient using novel hybrid electrodes equipped with tetrodes. RESULTS: IEDs were recorded in the tuber and perituber...

Among Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, it is very common to develop behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which has a close relation to the excess morbidity and mortality, greater healthcare use, earlier institutionalization, and caregiver burden. With evaluation of AD patients, the present study mainly aims to investigate whether citalopram would be efficient for BPSD, and examines citalopram's effects on cognitive function, caregiver distress, safety and tolerability. Eighty patients diagnosed with moderate AD and clinically significant BPSD from April 2015 to January 2016 were enrolled in this study...

Kleine-Levin syndrome is an uncommon disorder with recurrent episodes of hypersomnia, and behavioral abnormalities such as binge-eating and hypersexuality. Our aims were to report cases of the Kleine-Levin syndrome diagnosed in Buenos Aires, Argentina and to characterize the clinical presentation of these patients. We evaluated patients with Kleine-Levin syndrome according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Psychiatric, physical and neurological symptoms were present. Some patients were investigated with brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, electroencephalogram and some with polysomnography...

Numerous nonepileptic paroxysmal events, such as syncope and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, may imitate seizures and impede diagnosis. Misdiagnosis can lead to mistreatment, affecting patients' lives considerably. Electroencephalography is commonly used for diagnosing epilepsy. Although on electroencephalograms (EEGs), epileptiform discharges (ED) specifically indicate epilepsy, only approximately 50% of patients with epilepsy have ED in their first EEG. In this study, we developed a deep convolutional neural network (ConvNet)-based classifier to distinguish EEG between patients with epilepsy without ED and controls...

Speech signals have a remarkable ability to entrain brain activity to the rapid fluctuations of speech sounds. For instance, one can readily measure a correlation of the sound amplitude with the evoked responses of the electroencephalogram (EEG), and the strength of this correlation is indicative of whether the listener is attending to the speech. In this study we asked whether this stimulus-response correlation is also predictive of speech intelligibility. We hypothesized that when a listener fails to understand the speech in adverse hearing conditions, attention wanes and stimulus-response correlation also drops...

We investigated how older adults preserve the capability to acquire new motor skills in the face of age-related brain alterations. We assessed neural changes associated with learning a bimanual coordination task over 4 days of practice in healthy young (n = 24) and older adults (n = 24). The electroencephalogram was recorded during task performance at the start and end of training. Motor performance improved with practice in both groups, but the amount of learning was lower in the older adults. Beta power (15-30 Hz) in sensorimotor and prefrontal cortices of older adults was reduced with training, indicative of higher neural activity...

Introduction : Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has antidepressant effects, but it also has possible cognitive side effects. The effects of ECT on neuronal oscillatory pattern and phase synchronization, and the relationship between clinical response or cognitive change and electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements remain elusive. Methods : Individuals with unipolar depressive disorder receiving bilateral ECT were recruited. Five minutes of resting, eyes-closed, 19-lead EEG recordings were obtained before and after a course of ECT...

OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests Rapid-Eye-Movement (REM) Sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD) is an early predictor of Parkinson's disease. This study proposes a fully-automated framework for RBD detection consisting of automated sleep staging followed by RBD identification. METHODS: Analysis was assessed using a limited polysomnography montage from 53 participants with RBD and 53 age-matched healthy controls. Sleep stage classification was achieved using a Random Forest (RF) classifier and 156 features extracted from electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG) and electromyogram (EMG) channels...

A 71-year-old man was referred to Neuro-Ophthalmology for evaluation of reading problems associated to pituitary adenoma. Perimetry showed a right temporal crescent syndrome ("half moon" syndrome) suggesting left occipital disease. Brain MRI, electroencephalogram and CSF examination (14-3-3 protein) were consistent with a diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. His neurologic condition rapidly deteriorated with memory problems, myoclonus and apathy followed by death, four months later. This case shows how visual problems may be the first manifestation of this rare prion disease (Heidehain variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its receptor, GLP-1R, are valuable tools in the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although GLP-1R stimulation is also potentially applicable to neurological disorders, few investigators have evaluated its beneficial effects in neurological disease models. Thus, we aimed to look into the antiepileptic effects of GLP-1R on epilepsy and its underlying mechanisms. The cerebral cortex of 22 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 16 patients with trauma were collected to the epilepsy and control groups, respectively...

OBJECTIVES: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) have the appearance of epileptic seizures, yet show no epileptiform discharges in the brain. The quality of life (QOL) in patients with PNES is reportedly low and trauma eems to be a relevant risk factor. The objective of this study was to examine the difference between measures of (epilepsy-specific) QOL (Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory; QOLIE-31p) and psychological dysfunction (trauma symptom inventory; TSI) between patients with diagnosed PNES with self-reported trauma and those without self-reported trauma...

PURPOSE: The automatic detection of epileptic seizures in EEG data from extended recordings can make an important contribution to the diagnosis of epilepsy as it can efficiently reduce the workload of medical staff. METHODS: This paper describes how features based on cross-bispectrum can help with the detection of epileptic seizure activity in EEG data. Features were extracted from multi-channel intracranial EEG (iEEG) data from the Freiburg iEEG recordings of 21 patients with focal epilepsy...

BACKGROUND: Simple febrile seizure (SFS) affects 2% to 4% of children under 6 years of age. The purpose of this study is to examine the epidemiologic patterns and resource utilization of SFS-associated hospitalizations in children aged younger than 6 years of age in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a serial, retrospective analysis of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Databases for the years 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012...

Absence seizures are often associated with impaired or loss of consciousness clinically proved to have an impact on motor and cognitive abnormalities of the nerve cells of the brain. Seizure admits several etiopathophysiological events leading to several neurofunctional changes in the reticulothalamocortical circuitry zones of the central nervous system. This paves the episodes of absence seizure events. A clinical case report of absence seizure in a 25 years age adult patient came to the hospital with impaired consciousness...

BACKGROUND: The stabilizing effect of lavender and the arousal effect of peppermint essential oils are acknowledged and used widely in aromatherapy and the cosmetics industry. However, no evaluation method confirms the effects of essential oils through quantitative and objective electroencephalogram (EEG) results; instead, only a psychological and subjective method exists. Therefore, this study aims to create a new emotional cosmetic evaluation paradigm using EEG values. Moreover, it enables quantitative interpretation of the results in addition to the subjective survey outcomes...

Background/aim: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the effectiveness of oral iron therapy in breath-holding spells and evaluation of electrocardiographical changes Materials and methods: Three hundred twelve children aged 1–48 months and diagnosed with breath-holding spells between January 2017 and April 2018 were included. Patients’ laboratory findings were compared with 100 patients who had one simple febrile seizure. Results: Cyanotic breath-holding spells were diagnosed in 85...

Objectives : It has been reported recently that gamma measures of the electroencephalogram (EEG) might provide information about the candidate biomarker of mental diseases like schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, affective disorder and so on, but as we know it is a difficult issue to induce visual and tactile evoked responses at high frequencies. Although a high-frequency response evoked by auditory senses is achievable, the quality of the recording response is not ideal, such as relatively low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)...

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disease worldwide. It is diagnosed by analyzing a long electroencephalogram (EEG) recording in a clinical environment, which may be much prone to errors and a time-consuming task. In this paper, a methodology for the classification of an epileptic seizure is proposed for analyzing EEG signals. EEG signal is decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) using empirical mode decomposition (EMD). A fusion, of the extracted non-linear and spike-based features from each of the IMF signals, is made...

Family physicians may be the first point of contact for adults with new-onset seizure. There are many etiologies of seizures in adults. Etiologies of provoked seizures include temporary metabolic disturbances, central nervous system infections, cerebrovascular disease, drug withdrawal, and traumatic brain injury. Stable or evolving cerebral conditions can cause unprovoked seizures. Nonorganic etiologies include nonepileptiform convulsions, such as a pseudoseizure, which are psychogenic. In the emergency department setting, computed tomography scan of the head should be considered for all patients with new-onset seizure...

We present a case of a 17-year-old female with anti-NMDAR encephalitis probably associated with vaccination against yellow fever. Her symptoms occurred 27 days after vaccination against yellow fever. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis manifested as acute psychosis, memory loss and catatonia following fever with complex partial epileptic seizures. Interictal electroencephalogram showed slow-wave delta background activity with "delta brushes". The diagnosis was confirmed by NMDAR antibody positivity in serum and cerebrospinal fluid...