Regulatory enzymes

BACKGROUND: Ubiquitination is an important regulatory step of selective protein degradation in the plant UPS (ubiquitin-proteasome system), which is involved in various biological processes in eukaryotes. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes play an intermediate role in the process of protein ubiquitination reactions and thus play an essential role in regulating plant growth and response to adverse environmental conditions. However, a genome-wide analysis of the UBC gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L...

Rifampicin (RFP) has demonstrated potent antibacterial effects in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. However, the serious adverse effects on the liver intensively limit the clinical usage of the drug. Deacetylation greatly reduces the toxicity of RFP but also retains its curative activity. Here, we found that krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) repressed the expression of the major RFP detoxification enzyme Cyp3a11 in mice via both direct and indirect mechanisms. Knockout of hepatocyte KLF15 induced the expression of Cyp3a11 and robustly attenuated the hepatotoxicity of RFP in mice...

Deubiquitinating enzyme A (DUBA), a member of the ovarian tumor (OTU) subfamily of deubiquitinases (DUBs), is recognized for its negative regulatory role in type I interferon (IFN) expression downstream of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). However, its involvement in the TLR3 signaling pathway in fish remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of DUBA (OmDUBA) in the TLR3 response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). OmDUBA features a conserved OTU domain, and its expression increased in RTH-149 cells following stimulation with the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C)...

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and Polygalae Radix (ZSS-PR) constitute a traditional Chinese herbal combination with notable applications in clinical and experimental settings due to their evident sedative and calming effects. Aligned with traditional Chinese medicine principles, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen supports cardiovascular health, nourishes the liver, and induces mental tranquillity. Simultaneously, Polygalae Radix elicits calming effects, fosters clear thinking, and reinstates proper coordination between the heart and kidneys...

HemoHIM is a standardized medicinal herbal preparation consisting of extracts of Angelica gigas Nakai, Cnidium officinale Makino, and Paeonia lactiflora Pallas that possesses immune regulatory activities. This study aimed to research the potential antioxidant effects of HemoHIM and its capacity for reducing fatigue in aged mice subjected to forced exercise. After administering HemoHIM 125 (500 mg/kg orally) for 4 weeks in 8-month-old female C57BL/6 mice (4 groups of 10 mice), various parameters were evaluated...

Lysosomal cathepsins as a regulatory medium have been assessed as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of various cardiac diseases such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, etc. They are ubiquitous lysosomal proteases with papain-like folded protein structures that are involved in a variety of physiological processes, such as the digestion of proteins, activation of pro-inflammatory molecules, degradation of extracellular matrix components, and maturation of peptide hormones...

AIMS: Excessive neuroinflammation mediated mainly by microglia plays a crucial role in ischemic stroke. AZD1390, an ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) specific inhibitor, has been shown to promote radio-sensitization and survival in central nervous system malignancies, while the role of AZD1390 in ischemic stroke remains unknown. METHODS: Real-time PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to assess the activation of microglia and the release of inflammatory cytokines...

Flavonoids are a diverse family of natural compounds that are widely distributed in plants and play a critical role in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. In recent years, the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants has been well-researched, with the successive discovery of key genes driving this process. However, the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in fungi remains unclear. Stropharia rugosoannulata is an edible mushroom known for its high nutritional and pharmacological value, with flavonoids being one of its main active components...

Sialidases (neuraminidases) catalyze the removal of terminal sialic acid residues from glycoproteins. Novel enzymes from non-clinical isolates are of increasing interest regarding their application in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The present study aimed to evaluate the participation of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) in the regulation of cold-active sialidase biosynthesis by the psychrotolerant fungal strain Penicillium griseofulvum P29, isolated from Antarctica. The presence of glucose inhibited sialidase activity in growing and non-growing fungal mycelia in a dose- and time-dependent manner...

Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc is the most prevalent postharvest rot concerning citrus fruits. Using the subtractive suppression hybridization (SSH) technique, different P. digitatum genes have been identified that could be involved in virulence during citrus infection in the early stages, a crucial moment that determines whether the infection progresses or not. To this end, a comparison of two P. digitatum strains with high and low virulence has been carried out. We conducted a study on the gene expression profile of the most relevant genes...

Saliva plays a crucial role in shaping the compatibility of piercing-sucking insects with their host plants. Understanding the complex composition of leafhopper saliva is important for developing effective and eco-friendly control strategies for the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens Fabrecius, a major piercing-sucking pest in Chinese tea plantations. This study explored the saliva proteins of tea green leafhopper adults using a custom collection device, consisting of two layers of Parafilm stretched over a sucrose diet...

Tyrosinase (TYR) emerges as a key enzyme that exerts a regulatory influence on the synthesis of melanin, thereby assuming the role of a critical biomarker for the detection of melanoma. Detecting the authentic concentration of TYR in the skin remains a primary challenge. Distinguished from ex vivo detection methods, this study introduces a novel sensor platform that integrates a microneedle (MN) biosensor with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology for the in situ detection of TYR in human skin...

β-Amyrin synthase (bAS) is a representative plant oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), and previous studies have identified many functional residues and mutants that can alter its catalytic activity. However, the regulatory mechanism of the active site architecture for adjusting the catalytic activity remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the function of key residues and their regulatory effects on the catalytic activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra β-amyrin synthase (GgbAS) through molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed mutagenesis experiments...

Tissue regeneration therapy based on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) faces the distinct challenge of cellular senescence during massive expansion in vitro. To further explore the regulatory mechanism of cellular senescence in hDPCs, we conduct experiments on young cells (Passage 5, P5) and replicative senescent (Passage 12, P12) hDPCs. The results confirm that hDPCs undergo replicative senescence with passaging, during which their ability to proliferate and osteogenic differentiation decreases. Notably, during replicative senescence, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the key enzyme of the serine synthesis pathway (SSP), is significantly downregulated, as well as S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels, resulting in reduced H3K36me3 modification on Sirtuin 1 ( SIRT1 )and Runt-related transcription factor 2 ( RUNX2 ) promoters...

Even under aerobic conditions, tumor cells can reprogram their metabolism to preferentially metabolize glucose into lactic acid. This abnormal metabolic pattern, known as the 'Warburg' effect or aerobic glycolysis, promotes cancer progression. Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs that are >200 nucleotides in length and do not have protein‑coding capabilities. However, these RNAs play a key role in tumor development. There is increasing evidence to indicate that lncRNAs regulate glucose metabolism in tumor cells by affecting metabolic enzymes and some signaling pathways, thereby regulating the occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)...

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important cascade of enzymes and peptides that regulates blood pressure, volume, and electrolytes. Within this complex system of reactions, its counter-regulatory axis has attracted attention, which has been associated with the pathophysiology of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. This review article analyzes the impact of different components of the counter-regulatory axis of the RAS on different pathologies. Of these peptides, Angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-(1-9) and alamandine have been evaluated in a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo studies, where not only they counteract the actions of the classical axis, but also exhibit independent anti-inflammatory and fibrotic actions when binding to specific receptors, mainly in heart, kidney, and lung...

BACKGROUND/AIM: Exhausting exercise can damage muscle tissue due to free radical interactions. It is hypothesized that the increase in free radicals following muscle injury, either due to oxidative damage to biomolecules or the activation of inflammatory cytokines, may lead to secondary muscle damage. This study investigated the effects of a novel joint health formula (JHF) containing bisdemethoxycurcumin-enriched curcumin, 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid-enriched Boswellia (AKBA), and Ashwagandha on exhaustion time, grip strength, antioxidant status, and muscle-signaling proteins in exhaustively exercised rats...

The free and bound phenolic profiles and their bioactivities of radix puerariae thomsonii (RPT) cultivars from 7 growing regions in China were investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were from 148.71 to 435.32 mg gallic acid equivalents /100 g dry weight and 561.93 to 826.11 mg catechin equivalents /100 g dry weight, respectively, with 20.64-38.28% and 32.77-47.29% contribution from bound fractions. Sixteen phenolic compounds were detected in RPTs. Bound fractions contributed 28...

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to lead toxicity due to increased absorption and decreased elimination of lead from their bodies. The δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) gene plays a crucial role in lead metabolism, and its polymorphisms have been implicated in modifying the susceptibility to lead toxicity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 90 pregnant women and blood samples were collected to measure blood lead levels (BLL) and assessed DNA damage using the comet assay...

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is a prevalent respiratory ailment involving complex physiological and pathological mechanisms. The tripartite motif containing 27 (TRIM27) plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation mechanisms. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to further explore the therapeutic potential of TRIM27 in pneumonia, based on its regulatory mechanisms in inflammation and autophagy. METHODS: This study established a mouse pneumonia animal model through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, designating it as the LPS model group...