level of biofilm formation

PURPOSE: To investigate the potential treatment of formononetin (FMN) on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis with anti-inflammatory and antifungal activity. METHODS: The effects of FMN on mice with A. fumigatus keratitis were evaluated through keratitis clinical scores, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and plate counts. The expression of pro-inflammatory factors was measured using RT-PCR, ELISA, or Western blot. The distribution of macrophages and neutrophils was explored by immunofluorescence staining...

The tenacious biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans are resistant to conventional antibiotics and current treatments. There is a growing need for novel therapeutics that selectively inhibit S. mutans biofilms while preserving the normal oral microenvironment. Previous studies have shown that increased levels of cyclic di-AMP, an important secondary messenger synthesized by diadenylate cyclase (DAC), favored biofilm formation in S. mutans . Thus, targeting S. mutans DAC is a novel strategy to inhibit S. mutans biofilms...

Candida albicans is the primary etiological agent associated with candidiasis in humans. Unrestricted growth of C. albicans can progress to systemic infections in the worst situation. This study investigates the antifungal activity of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and mode of action against C. albicans. HCQ inhibited the planktonic growth and yeast to hyphal form morphogenesis of C. albicans significantly at 0.5 mg/ml concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50 ) of HCQ for C. albicans adhesion and biofilm formation on the polystyrene surface was at 2 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml respectively...

This study was about bioconversion of almonds by lactic acid bacteria. There are two bacteria used for bioconversion of almond extract: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC14917 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG KCTC5033. Almond extract (AE) was inoculated with L. plantarum or L. rhamnosus GG for 3 days. AE inoculated with L. plantarum (LP-AE) and AE inoculated with L. rhamnosus GG (LR-AE) inhibited the growth of Salmonella Typhimurium and the growth of Yersinia enterocolitica by 30 and 75%, respectively compared to AE...

Exploring novel antimicrobial drugs and strategies has become essential to the fight MRSA-associated infections. Herein, we found that membrane-disrupted repurposed antibiotic salifungin had excellent bactericidal activity against MRSA, with limited development of drug resistance. Furthermore, adding salifungin effectively decreased the minimum inhibitory concentrations of clinical antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus . Evaluations of the mechanism demonstrated that salifungin disrupted the level of H+ and K+ ions using hydrophilic and lipophilic groups to interact with bacterial membranes, causing the disruption of bacterial proton motive force followed by impacting on bacterial the function of the respiratory chain and adenosine 5'-triphosphate, thereby inhibiting phosphatidic acid biosynthesis...

BACKGROUND: Bacterial virulence factors are involved in various biological processes and mediate persistent bacterial infections. Focusing on virulence factors of phytopathogenic bacteria is an attractive strategy and crucial direction in pesticide discovery to prevent invasive and persistent bacterial infection. Hence, discovery and development of novel agrochemicals with high activity, low-risk, and potent anti-virulence is urgently needed to control plant bacterial diseases. RESULTS: A series of novel β-hydroxy pyridinium cation decorated pterostilbene derivatives were prepared and their antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas oryzae pv...

Biofilms serve as crucial cues for settlement and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. Within bacterial systems, c-di-GMP functions as a pivotal signaling molecule regulating both biofilm formation and dispersion. However, the molecular mechanism of how c-di-GMP modulates biofilm-induced larval metamorphosis remains elusive. Our study reveals that the deletion of a c-di-GMP related gene in Pseudoalteromonas marina led to an increase in the level of bacterial c-di-GMP by knockout technique, and the mutant strain had an enhanced ability to produce more outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)...

Incisor malocclusion in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a common clinical problem seen in general practice. Given that the growth rate is about 2 mm per week, a lack of wear quickly leads to feeding difficulties and soft tissue injuries. Therefore, pathologically elongated incisors must be shortened every three to six weeks. The goal of this study was to assess the potential adverse effects on dental and periodontal tissues associated with the three most commonly used trimming methods: nail cutter, diamond-coated cutting disc and diamond burr...

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) plays a crucial role in the augmentation of alveolar bone, especially in cases of dental implants. The main principle behind using membranes in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is to prevent epithelial downgrowth as well as connective tissue on the root surface. However, the membranes lack some major properties, such as osteogenic and antimicrobial properties. Magnesium (Mg) is one of the biodegradable materials that is gaining interest because of its favourable mechanical properties and biocompatibility...

Thirty-five norsesquiterpenoids were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces microflavus from the forest soil of Ailaoshan in China. The structures of new compounds ( 1 - 5 , 10 - 26 ) were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis including data from experimental and calculated ECD spectra, as well as Mosher's reagent derivatives method. Norsesquiterpenoids showed different levels of antifungal activity with MIC80 values ranging from 25 to 200 μg/mL against Candida albicans , Candida parapsilosis , and Cryptococcus neoformans ...

Bacterial communities exhibit complex self-organization that contributes to their survival. To better understand the molecules that contribute to transforming a small number of cells into a heterogeneous surface biofilm community, we studied acellular aggregates, structures seen by light microscopy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa colony biofilms using light microscopy and chemical imaging. These structures differ from cellular aggregates, cohesive clusters of cells important for biofilm formation, in that they are visually distinct from cells using light microscopy and are reliant on metabolites for assembly...

Biofilm formation by the pathogenic bacteria generates a serious threat to the public health as it can increase the virulence potential, resistance to drugs, and escape from the host immune response mechanisms. Among the environmental factors that influence the biofilm formation, there are only limited reports available on the role of antimicrobial agents. During the antimicrobial drug administration or application for any purpose, the microbial population can expect to get exposed to the sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) of the drug which will have an unprecedented impact on microbial responses...

Candida auris is an emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen associated with life-threatening invasive disease due to its persistent colonization, high level of transmissibility and multi-drug resistance. Aggregative and non-aggregative growth phenotypes for C. auris strains with different biofilm forming abilities, drug susceptibilities and virulence characteristics have been described. Using comprehensive transcriptional analysis we identified key cell surface adhesins that were highly upregulated in the aggregative phenotype during in vitro and in vivo grown biofilms using a mouse model of catheter infection...

Candida auris is an emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen associated with life-threatening invasive disease due to its persistent colonization, high level of transmissibility and multi-drug resistance. Aggregative and non-aggregative growth phenotypes for C. auris strains with different biofilm forming abilities, drug susceptibilities and virulence characteristics have been described. Using comprehensive transcriptional analysis we identified key cell surface adhesins that were highly upregulated in the aggregative phenotype during in vitro and in vivo grown biofilms using a mouse model of catheter infection...

In a conventional morbidostat, cell growth is monitored by measuring OD, and stress conditions are automatically adjusted using OD values. However, phenomena such as biofilm formation, agglomeration, and the presence of opaque substrates or products can result in inaccurate OD measurements of population size, causing morbidostat systems to fail to adjust stress conditions appropriately. This study offers a solution for circumstances where it is impractical to determine vital activity based on OD by developing a novel morbidostat system that adjusts stress conditions based on measurements of exhaust CO2 ...

Arginine-ornithine metabolism plays a crucial role in bacterial homeostasis, as evidenced by numerous studies. However, the utilization of arginine and the downstream products of its metabolism remain undefined in various gut bacteria. To bridge this knowledge gap, we employed genomic screening to pinpoint relevant metabolic targets. We also devised a targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics method to measure the levels of arginine, its upstream precursors, and downstream products in cell-free conditioned media from enteric pathobionts, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, K...

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is closely associated with the development of various gastric diseases. The effectiveness of current clinical antibiotic therapy is hampered by the rise of drug-resistant strains and the formation of H. pylori biofilm. This paper reports a sonodynamic nanocomposite PtCu3 -PDA@AIPH@Fucoidan (PPAF), which consists of dopamine-modified inorganic sonosensitizers PtCu3 , alkyl radicals (R•) generator AIPH and fucoidan, can penetrate the mucus layer, target H. pylori, disrupt biofilms, and exhibit excellent bactericidal ability...

Currently, dairy mastitis caused by Staphylococcus xylosus poses a serious challenge for dairy farming. In this study, we explored the role and mechanism of rhein against S. xylosus with the hope of providing new research ideas to solve mastitis in dairy cows and ensure the source safety of dairy products. Through in vitro antimicrobial studies, we found that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of rhein was 64 μg/mL, and it significantly interfered with the formation of S. xylosus biofilm at sub-MIC...

AIMS: Indole and mucin are compounds found in the host environment as they are produced by the host or by the host-associated microbiota. This study investigated whether indole and mucin impact C. perfringens growth and sporulation, as well as enterotoxin production and biofilm formation. METHODS AND RESULTS: There was no impact on growth of C. perfringens for up to 400 µM indole and 240 mg/L mucin, and neither indole nor mucin affected sporulation. Reverse-transcriptase qPCR showed that mucin strongly upregulated the expression of C...

BACKGROUND: Recent developments in addressing dental aesthetic concerns, encompassing issues like teeth discoloration and halitosis, underscore the demand for safer alternative solutions. PURPOSE: This study aims to confirm the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from kimchi on artificial teeth bleaching and their potential impact in terms of preventing halitosis-related bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate the antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens, disc diffusion tests and broth microdilution methods were used...